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< h1 id = "指定依赖项" > < a class = "header" href = "#指定依赖项" > 指定依赖项< / a > < / h1 >
< p > 我们的项目可以引用在 < code > crates.io< / code > 或 < code > GitHub< / code > 上的依赖包，也可以引用存放在本地文件系统中的依赖包。< / p >
< p > 大家可能会想，直接从前两个引用即可，为何还提供了本地方式？可以设想下，如果你要有一个正处于开发中的包，然后需要在本地的另一个项目中引用测试，那是将该包先传到网上，然后再引用简单，还是直接从本地路径的方式引用简单呢？答案显然不言而喻。< / p >
< p > 本章节，我们一起来看看有哪些方式可以指定和引用三方依赖包。< / p >
< h2 id = "从-cratesio-引入依赖包" > < a class = "header" href = "#从-cratesio-引入依赖包" > 从 < code > crates.io< / code > 引入依赖包< / a > < / h2 >
< p > 默认设置下，< code > Cargo< / code > 就从 < a href = "https://crates.io" > crates.io< / a > 上下载依赖包，只需要一个包名和版本号即可：< / p >
< pre > < code class = "language-toml" > [dependencies]
time = "0.1.12"
< / code > < / pre >
< p > 字符串 < code > "0.1.12"< / code > 是一个 < a href = "https://semver.org" > < code > semver< / code > < / a > 格式的版本号，符合 < code > "x.y.z"< / code > 的形式，其中 < code > x< / code > 被称为主版本< code > major< / code > , < code > y< / code > 被称为小版本 < code > minor< / code > ，而 < code > z< / code > 被称为补丁 < code > patch< / code > ，可以看出从左到右，版本的影响范围逐步降低，补丁的更新是无关痛痒的，并不会造成 API 的兼容性被破坏。< / p >
< p > < code > "0.1.12"< / code > 中并没有任何额外的符号，在版本语义上，它跟使用了 < code > ^< / code > 的 < code > "^0.1.12"< / code > 是相同的，都是指定非常具体的版本进行引入。< / p >
< p > 但是 < code > ^< / code > 能做的更多。< / p >
< blockquote >
< p > npm 使用的就是 < code > semver< / code > 版本号，从 < code > JavaScript< / code > 过来的同学应该非常熟悉。< / p >
< / blockquote >
< h4 id = "-指定版本" > < a class = "header" href = "#-指定版本" > < code > ^< / code > 指定版本< / a > < / h4 >
< p > 与之前的 < code > "0.1.12"< / code > 不同， < code > ^< / code > 可以指定一个版本号范围，< strong > 然后会使用该范围内的最大版本号来引用对应的包< / strong > 。< / p >
< p > 只要新的版本号没有修改最左边的非零数字，那该版本号就在允许的版本号范围中。例如 < code > "^0.1.12"< / code > 最左边的非零数字是 < code > 1< / code > ，因此，只要新的版本号是 < code > "0.1.z"< / code > 就可以落在范围内，而< code > 0.2.0< / code > 显然就没有落在范围内，因此通过 < code > "^0.1.12"< / code > 引入的依赖包是无法被升级到 < code > 0.2.0< / code > 版本的。< / p >
< p > 同理，若是 < code > "^1.0"< / code > ，则 < code > 1.1< / code > 在范围中，< code > 2.0< / code > 则不在。 大家思考下，< code > "^0.0.1"< / code > 与哪些版本兼容？答案是：无，因为它最左边的数字是 < code > 1< / code > ，而该数字已经退无可退，我们又不能修改 < code > 1< / code > ，因此没有版本落在范围中。< / p >
< pre > < code class = "language-shell" > ^1.2.3 := > =1.2.3, < 2.0.0
^1.2 := > =1.2.0, < 2.0.0
^1 := > =1.0.0, < 2.0.0
^0.2.3 := > =0.2.3, < 0.3.0
^0.2 := > =0.2.0, < 0.3.0
^0.0.3 := > =0.0.3, < 0.0.4
^0.0 := > =0.0.0, < 0.1.0
^0 := > =0.0.0, < 1.0.0
< / code > < / pre >
< p > 以上是更多的例子，< strong > 事实上，这个规则跟 < code > SemVer< / code > 还有所不同< / strong > ，因为对于 < code > SemVer< / code > 而言，< code > 0.x.y< / code > 的版本是没有其它版本与其兼容的，而对于 Rust， < code > 0.x.y< / code > 满足 ： < code > z> =y< / code > 且 < code > x> 0< / code > 的条件，那它就能更新到 < code > 0.x.z< / code > 版本。< / p >
< h4 id = "-指定版本-1" > < a class = "header" href = "#-指定版本-1" > < code > ~< / code > 指定版本< / a > < / h4 >
< p > < code > ~< / code > 指定了最小化版本 :< / p >
< pre class = "playground" > < code class = "language-rust edition2021" > < span class = "boring" > #![allow(unused)]
< / span > < span class = "boring" > fn main() {
< / span > ~1.2.3 := > =1.2.3, < 1.3.0
~1.2 := > =1.2.0, < 1.3.0
~1 := > =1.0.0, < 2.0.0
< span class = "boring" > }< / span > < / code > < / pre >
< h4 id = "-通配符" > < a class = "header" href = "#-通配符" > < code > *< / code > 通配符< / a > < / h4 >
< p > 这种方式允许将 < code > *< / code > 所在的位置替换成任何数字:< / p >
< pre class = "playground" > < code class = "language-rust edition2021" > < span class = "boring" > #![allow(unused)]
< / span > < span class = "boring" > fn main() {
< / span > * := > =0.0.0
1.* := > =1.0.0, < 2.0.0
1.2.* := > =1.2.0, < 1.3.0
< span class = "boring" > }< / span > < / code > < / pre >
< p > 不过 < code > crates.io< / code > 并不允许我们只使用孤零零一个 < code > *< / code > 来指定版本号 : < code > *< / code > 。< / p >
< h4 id = "比较符" > < a class = "header" href = "#比较符" > 比较符< / a > < / h4 >
< p > 可以使用比较符的方式来指定一个版本号范围或一个精确的版本号:< / p >
< pre class = "playground" > < code class = "language-rust edition2021" > < span class = "boring" > #![allow(unused)]
< / span > < span class = "boring" > fn main() {
< / span > > = 1.2.0
> 1
< 2
= 1.2.3
< span class = "boring" > }< / span > < / code > < / pre >
< p > 同时还能使用比较符进行组合，并通过逗号分隔：< / p >
< pre class = "playground" > < code class = "language-rust edition2021" > < span class = "boring" > #![allow(unused)]
< / span > < span class = "boring" > fn main() {
< / span > > = 1.2, < 1.5
< span class = "boring" > }< / span > < / code > < / pre >
< p > 需要注意，以上的版本号规则仅仅针对 < code > crate.io< / code > 和基于它搭建的注册服务(例如科大服务源) ，其它注册服务(例如 GitHub )有自己相应的规则。< / p >
< h2 id = "从其它注册服务引入依赖包" > < a class = "header" href = "#从其它注册服务引入依赖包" > 从其它注册服务引入依赖包< / a > < / h2 >
< p > 为了使用 < code > crates.io< / code > 之外的注册服务，我们需要对 < code > $HOME/.cargo/config.toml< / code > ($CARGO_HOME 下) 文件进行配置，添加新的服务提供商，有两种方式可以实现。< / p >
< blockquote >
< p > 由于国内访问国外注册服务的不稳定性，我们可以使用< a href = "http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/help/crates.io-index.html" > 科大的注册服务< / a > 来提升下载速度，以下注册服务的链接都是科大的< / p >
< / blockquote >
< p > < strong > 首先是在 < code > crates.io< / code > 之外添加新的注册服务< / strong > ，修改 < code > .cargo/config.toml< / code > 添加以下内容：< / p >
< pre > < code class = "language-toml" > [registries]
ustc = { index = "https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/crates.io-index/" }
< / code > < / pre >
< p > 对于这种方式，我们的项目的 < code > Cargo.toml< / code > 中的依赖包引入方式也有所不同：< / p >
< pre > < code class = "language-toml" > [dependencies]
time = { registry = "ustc" }
< / code > < / pre >
< p > 在重新配置后，初次构建可能要较久的时间，因为要下载更新 < code > ustc< / code > 注册服务的索引文件，还挺大的…< / p >
< p > 注意，这一种使用方式最大的缺点就是在引用依赖包时要指定注册服务: < code > time = { registry = "ustc" }< / code > 。< / p >
< p > < strong > 而第二种方式就不需要，因为它是直接使用新注册服务来替代默认的 < code > crates.io< / code > < / strong > 。< / p >
< pre > < code class = "language-toml" > [source.crates-io]
replace-with = 'ustc'
[source.ustc]
registry = "git://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/crates.io-index"
< / code > < / pre >
< p > 上面配置中的第一个部分，首先将源 < code > source.crates-io< / code > 替换为 < code > ustc< / code > ，然后在第二部分指定了 < code > ustc< / code > 源的地址。< / p >
< blockquote >
< p > 注意，如果你要发布包到 < code > crates.io< / code > 上，那该包的依赖也必须在 < code > crates.io< / code > 上< / p >
< / blockquote >
< h4 id = "引入-git-仓库作为依赖包" > < a class = "header" href = "#引入-git-仓库作为依赖包" > 引入 git 仓库作为依赖包< / a > < / h4 >
< p > 若要引入 git 仓库中的库作为依赖包，你至少需要提供一个仓库的地址:< / p >
< pre > < code class = "language-toml" > [dependencies]
regex = { git = "https://github.com/rust-lang/regex" }
< / code > < / pre >
< p > 由于没有指定版本， < code > master< / code > 或 < code > main< / code > 分支的最新 < code > commit< / code > 。你可以使用 < code > rev< / code > 、< code > tag< / code > 或 < code > branch< / code > 来指定想要拉取的版本。例如下面代码拉取了 < code > next< / code > 分支上的最新 < code > commit< / code > ： < / p >
< pre > < code class = "language-toml" > [dependencies]
regex = { git = "https://github.com/rust-lang/regex", branch = "next" }
< / code > < / pre >
< p > 任何非 < code > tag< / code > 和 < code > branch< / code > 的类型都可以通过 < code > rev< / code > 来引入，例如通过最近一次 < code > commit< / code > 的哈希值引入: < code > rev = "4c59b707"< / code > ，再比如远程仓库提供的的具名引用: < code > rev = "refs/pull/493/head"< / code > 。< / p >
< p > 一旦 < code > git< / code > 依赖被拉取下来，该版本就会被记录到 < code > Cargo.lock< / code > 中进行锁定。因此 < code > git< / code > 仓库中后续新的提交不再会被自动拉取，除非你通过 < code > cargo update< / code > 来升级。需要注意的是锁定一旦被删除，那 Cargo 依然会按照 < code > Cargo.toml< / code > 中配置的地址和版本去拉取新的版本，如果你配置的版本不正确，那可能会拉取下来一个不兼容的新版本！< / p >
< p > < strong > 因此不要依赖锁定来完成版本的控制，而应该老老实实的在 < code > Cargo.toml< / code > 小心配置你希望使用的版本。< / strong > < / p >
< p > 如果访问的是私有仓库，你可能需要授权来访问该仓库，可以查看< a href = "https://course.rs/cargo/git-auth.html" > 这里< / a > 了解授权的方式。< / p >
< h4 id = "通过路径引入本地依赖包" > < a class = "header" href = "#通过路径引入本地依赖包" > 通过路径引入本地依赖包< / a > < / h4 >
< p > Cargo 支持通过路径的方式来引入本地的依赖包：一般来说，本地依赖包都是同一个项目内的内部包，例如假设我们有一个 < code > hello_world< / code > 项目( package )，现在在其根目录下新建一个包:< / p >
< pre > < code class = "language-shell" > # 在 hello_world/ 目录下
$ cargo new hello_utils
< / code > < / pre >
< p > 新建的 < code > hello_utils< / code > 文件夹跟 < code > src< / code > 、< code > Cargo.toml< / code > 同级，现在修改 < code > Cargo.toml< / code > 让 < code > hello_world< / code > 项目引入新建的包:< / p >
< pre > < code class = "language-toml" > [dependencies]
hello_utils = { path = "hello_utils" }
# 以下路径也可以
# hello_utils = { path = "./hello_utils" }
# hello_utils = { path = "../hello_world/hello_utils" }
< / code > < / pre >
< p > 但是，此时的 < code > hello_world< / code > 是无法发布到 < code > crates.io< / code > 上的。想要发布，需要先将 < code > hello_utils< / code > 先发布到 < code > crates.io< / code > 上，然后再通过 < code > crates.io< / code > 的方式来引入:< / p >
< pre > < code class = "language-toml" > [dependencies]
hello_utils = { path = "hello_utils", version = "0.1.0" }
< / code > < / pre >
< blockquote >
< p > 注意！使用 < code > path< / code > 指定依赖的 package 将无法发布到 < code > crates.io< / code > ，除非 < code > path< / code > 存在于 < a href = "#dev-dependencies" > [dev-dependencies]< / a > 中。当然，你还可以使用多种引用混合的方式来解决这个问题，下面将进行介绍< / p >
< / blockquote >
< h2 id = "多引用方式混合" > < a class = "header" href = "#多引用方式混合" > 多引用方式混合< / a > < / h2 >
< p > 实际上，我们可以同时使用多种方式来引入同一个包，例如本地引入和 < code > crates.io< / code > :< / p >
< pre > < code class = "language-toml" > [dependencies]
# 本地使用时，通过 path 引入,
# 发布到 `crates.io` 时，通过 `crates.io` 的方式引入： version = "1.0"
bitflags = { path = "my-bitflags", version = "1.0" }
# 本地使用时，通过 git 仓库引入
# 当发布时，通过 `crates.io` 引入： version = "1.0"
smallvec = { git = "https://github.com/servo/rust-smallvec", version = "1.0" }
# N.B. 若 version 无法匹配，
< / code > < / pre >
< p > 这种方式跟下章节将要讲述的依赖覆盖类似，但是前者只会应用到当前声明的依赖包上。< / p >
< h2 id = "根据平台引入依赖" > < a class = "header" href = "#根据平台引入依赖" > 根据平台引入依赖< / a > < / h2 >
< p > 我们还可以根据特定的平台来引入依赖:< / p >
< pre > < code class = "language-toml" > [target.'cfg(windows)'.dependencies]
winhttp = "0.4.0"
[target.'cfg(unix)'.dependencies]
openssl = "1.0.1"
[target.'cfg(target_arch = "x86")'.dependencies]
native = { path = "native/i686" }
[target.'cfg(target_arch = "x86_64")'.dependencies]
native = { path = "native/x86_64" }
< / code > < / pre >
< p > 此处的语法跟 Rust 的 < a href = "https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/reference/conditional-compilation.html" > < code > #[cfg]< / code > < / a > 语法非常相像，因此我们还能使用逻辑操作符进行控制:< / p >
< pre > < code class = "language-toml" > [target.'cfg(not(unix))'.dependencies]
openssl = "1.0.1"
< / code > < / pre >
< p > 这里的意思是，当不是 < code > unix< / code > 操作系统时，才对 < code > openssl< / code > 进行引入。< / p >
< p > 如果你想要知道 < code > cfg< / code > 能够作用的目标，可以在终端中运行 < code > rustc --print=cfg< / code > 进行查询。当然，你可以指定平台查询: < code > rustc --print=cfg --target=x86_64-pc-windows-msvc< / code > ，该命令将对 < code > 64bit< / code > 的 Windows 进行查询。< / p >
< p > 聪明的同学已经发现，这非常类似于条件依赖引入，那我们是不是可以根据自定义的条件来决定是否引入某个依赖呢？具体答案参见后续的 < a href = "https://course.rs/cargo/reference/features.html" > feature< / a > 章节。这里是一个简单的示例:< / p >
< pre > < code class = "language-toml" > [dependencies]
foo = { version = "1.0", optional = true }
bar = { version = "1.0", optional = true }
[features]
fancy-feature = ["foo", "bar"]
< / code > < / pre >
< p > 但是需要注意的是，你如果妄图通过 < code > cfg(feature)< / code > 、< code > cfg(debug_assertions)< / code > , < code > cfg(test)< / code > 和 < code > cfg(proc_macro)< / code > 的方式来条件引入依赖，那是不可行的。< / p >
< p > < code > Cargo< / code > 还允许通过下面的方式来引入平台特定的依赖:< / p >
< pre > < code class = "language-toml" > [target.x86_64-pc-windows-gnu.dependencies]
winhttp = "0.4.0"
[target.i686-unknown-linux-gnu.dependencies]
openssl = "1.0.1"
< / code > < / pre >
< h2 id = "自定义-target-引入" > < a class = "header" href = "#自定义-target-引入" > 自定义 target 引入< / a > < / h2 >
< p > 如果你在使用自定义的 < code > target< / code > ：例如 < code > --target bar.json< / code > ，那么可以通过下面方式来引入依赖:< / p >
< pre > < code class = "language-toml" > [target.bar.dependencies]
winhttp = "0.4.0"
[target.my-special-i686-platform.dependencies]
openssl = "1.0.1"
native = { path = "native/i686" }
< / code > < / pre >
< blockquote >
< p > 需要注意，这种使用方式在 < code > stable< / code > 版本的 Rust 中无法被使用，建议大家如果没有特别的需求，还是使用之前提到的 feature 方式< / p >
< / blockquote >
< h2 id = "dev-dependencies" > < a class = "header" href = "#dev-dependencies" > [dev-dependencies]< / a > < / h2 >
< p > 你还可以为项目添加只在测试时需要的依赖库，类似于 < code > package.json< / code > ( Nodejs )文件中的 < code > devDependencies< / code > ，可以在 < code > Cargo.toml< / code > 中添加 < code > [dev-dependencies]< / code > 来实现:< / p >
< pre > < code class = "language-toml" > [dev-dependencies]
tempdir = "0.3"
< / code > < / pre >
< p > 这里的依赖只会在运行测试、示例和 benchmark 时才会被引入。并且，假设< code > A< / code > 包引用了 < code > B< / code > ，而 < code > B< / code > 通过 < code > [dev-dependencies]< / code > 的方式引用了 < code > C< / code > 包， 那 < code > A< / code > 是不会引用 < code > C< / code > 包的。< / p >
< p > 当然，我们还可以指定平台特定的测试依赖包:< / p >
< pre > < code class = "language-toml" > [target.'cfg(unix)'.dev-dependencies]
mio = "0.0.1"
< / code > < / pre >
< blockquote >
< p > 注意，当发布包到 crates.io 时，< code > [dev-dependencies]< / code > 中的依赖只有指定了 < code > version< / code > 的才会被包含在发布包中。况且，再加上测试稳定性的考虑，我们建议为 < code > [dev-dependencies]< / code > 中的包指定相应的版本号< / p >
< / blockquote >
< h2 id = "build-dependencies" > < a class = "header" href = "#build-dependencies" > [build-dependencies]< / a > < / h2 >
< p > 我们还可以指定某些依赖仅用于构建脚本:< / p >
< pre > < code class = "language-toml" > [build-dependencies]
cc = "1.0.3"
< / code > < / pre >
< p > 当然，平台特定的依然可以使用：< / p >
< pre > < code class = "language-toml" > [target.'cfg(unix)'.build-dependencies]
cc = "1.0.3"
< / code > < / pre >
< p > 有一点需要注意：构建脚本(< code > build.rs< / code > )和项目的正常代码是彼此独立，因此它们的依赖不能互通： 构建脚本无法使用 < code > [dependencies]< / code > 或 < code > [dev-dependencies]< / code > 中的依赖，而 < code > [build-dependencies]< / code > 中的依赖也无法被构建脚本之外的代码所使用。< / p >
< h2 id = "选择-features" > < a class = "header" href = "#选择-features" > 选择 features< / a > < / h2 >
< p > 如果你依赖的包提供了条件性的 < code > features< / code > ，你可以指定使用哪一个:< / p >
< pre > < code class = "language-toml" > [dependencies.awesome]
version = "1.3.5"
default-features = false # 不要包含默认的 features，
features = ["secure-password", "civet"]
< / code > < / pre >
< p > 更多的信息参见 < a href = "https://course.rs/cargo/reference/features.html" > Features 章节< / a > < / p >
< h2 id = "在-cargotoml-中重命名依赖" > < a class = "header" href = "#在-cargotoml-中重命名依赖" > 在 Cargo.toml 中重命名依赖< / a > < / h2 >
< p > 如果你想要实现以下目标：< / p >
< ul >
< li > 避免在 Rust 代码中使用 < code > use foo as bar< / code > < / li >
< li > 依赖某个包的多个版本< / li >
< li > 依赖来自于不同注册服务的同名包< / li >
< / ul >
< p > 那可以使用 Cargo 提供的 < code > package key< / code > :< / p >
< pre > < code class = "language-toml" > [package]
name = "mypackage"
version = "0.0.1"
[dependencies]
foo = "0.1"
bar = { git = "https://github.com/example/project", package = "foo" }
baz = { version = "0.1", registry = "custom", package = "foo" }
< / code > < / pre >
< p > 此时，你的代码中可以使用三个包：< / p >
< pre class = "playground" > < code class = "language-rust edition2021" > < span class = "boring" > #![allow(unused)]
< / span > < span class = "boring" > fn main() {
< / span > extern crate foo; // 来自 crates.io
extern crate bar; // 来自 git repository
extern crate baz; // 来自 registry `custom`
< span class = "boring" > }< / span > < / code > < / pre >
< p > 有趣的是，由于这三个 < code > package< / code > 的名称都是 < code > foo< / code > (在各自的 < code > Cargo.toml< / code > 中定义)，因此我们显式的通过 < code > package = "foo"< / code > 的方式告诉 Cargo： < code > foo package< / code > ，虽然它被重命名为 < code > bar< / code > 或 < code > baz< / code > 。< / p >
< p > 有一点需要注意，当使用可选依赖时，如果你将 < code > foo< / code > 包重命名为 < code > bar< / code > 包，那引用前者的 feature 时的路径名也要做相应的修改:< / p >
< pre > < code class = "language-toml" > [dependencies]
bar = { version = "0.1", package = 'foo', optional = true }
[features]
log-debug = ['bar/log-debug'] # 若使用 'foo/log-debug' 会导致报错
< / code > < / pre >
< / main >
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