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<main>
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<h1 id="指定依赖项"><a class="header" href="#指定依赖项">指定依赖项</a></h1>
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<p>我们的项目可以引用在 <code>crates.io</code> 或 <code>GitHub</code> 上的依赖包,也可以引用存放在本地文件系统中的依赖包。</p>
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<p>大家可能会想,直接从前两个引用即可,为何还提供了本地方式?可以设想下,如果你要有一个正处于开发中的包,然后需要在本地的另一个项目中引用测试,那是将该包先传到网上,然后再引用简单,还是直接从本地路径的方式引用简单呢?答案显然不言而喻。</p>
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<p>本章节,我们一起来看看有哪些方式可以指定和引用三方依赖包。</p>
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<h2 id="从-cratesio-引入依赖包"><a class="header" href="#从-cratesio-引入依赖包">从 <code>crates.io</code> 引入依赖包</a></h2>
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<p>默认设置下,<code>Cargo</code> 就从 <a href="https://crates.io">crates.io</a> 上下载依赖包,只需要一个包名和版本号即可:</p>
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<pre><code class="language-toml">[dependencies]
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time = "0.1.12"
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</code></pre>
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<p>字符串 <code>"0.1.12"</code> 是一个 <a href="https://semver.org"><code>semver</code></a> 格式的版本号,符合 <code>"x.y.z"</code> 的形式,其中 <code>x</code> 被称为主版本<code>major</code>, <code>y</code> 被称为小版本 <code>minor</code> ,而 <code>z</code> 被称为补丁 <code>patch</code>,可以看出从左到右,版本的影响范围逐步降低,补丁的更新是无关痛痒的,并不会造成 API 的兼容性被破坏。</p>
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<p><code>"0.1.12"</code> 中并没有任何额外的符号,在版本语义上,它跟使用了 <code>^</code> 的 <code>"^0.1.12"</code> 是相同的,都是指定非常具体的版本进行引入。</p>
|
|
|
<p>但是 <code>^</code> 能做的更多。</p>
|
|
|
<blockquote>
|
|
|
<p>npm 使用的就是 <code>semver</code> 版本号,从 <code>JavaScript</code> 过来的同学应该非常熟悉。</p>
|
|
|
</blockquote>
|
|
|
<h4 id="-指定版本"><a class="header" href="#-指定版本"><code>^</code> 指定版本</a></h4>
|
|
|
<p>与之前的 <code>"0.1.12"</code> 不同, <code>^</code> 可以指定一个版本号范围,<strong>然后会使用该范围内的最大版本号来引用对应的包</strong>。</p>
|
|
|
<p>只要新的版本号没有修改最左边的非零数字,那该版本号就在允许的版本号范围中。例如 <code>"^0.1.12"</code> 最左边的非零数字是 <code>1</code>,因此,只要新的版本号是 <code>"0.1.z"</code> 就可以落在范围内,而<code>0.2.0</code> 显然就没有落在范围内,因此通过 <code>"^0.1.12"</code> 引入的依赖包是无法被升级到 <code>0.2.0</code> 版本的。</p>
|
|
|
<p>同理,若是 <code>"^1.0"</code>,则 <code>1.1</code> 在范围中,<code>2.0</code> 则不在。 大家思考下,<code>"^0.0.1"</code> 与哪些版本兼容?答案是:无,因为它最左边的数字是 <code>1</code> ,而该数字已经退无可退,我们又不能修改 <code>1</code>,因此没有版本落在范围中。</p>
|
|
|
<pre><code class="language-shell">^1.2.3 := >=1.2.3, <2.0.0
|
|
|
^1.2 := >=1.2.0, <2.0.0
|
|
|
^1 := >=1.0.0, <2.0.0
|
|
|
^0.2.3 := >=0.2.3, <0.3.0
|
|
|
^0.2 := >=0.2.0, <0.3.0
|
|
|
^0.0.3 := >=0.0.3, <0.0.4
|
|
|
^0.0 := >=0.0.0, <0.1.0
|
|
|
^0 := >=0.0.0, <1.0.0
|
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
|
<p>以上是更多的例子,<strong>事实上,这个规则跟 <code>SemVer</code> 还有所不同</strong>,因为对于 <code>SemVer</code> 而言,<code>0.x.y</code> 的版本是没有其它版本与其兼容的,而对于 Rust,只要版本号 <code>0.x.y</code> 满足 : <code>z>=y</code> 且 <code>x>0</code> 的条件,那它就能更新到 <code>0.x.z</code> 版本。</p>
|
|
|
<h4 id="-指定版本-1"><a class="header" href="#-指定版本-1"><code>~</code> 指定版本</a></h4>
|
|
|
<p><code>~</code> 指定了最小化版本 :</p>
|
|
|
<pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust edition2021"><span class="boring">#![allow(unused)]
|
|
|
</span><span class="boring">fn main() {
|
|
|
</span>~1.2.3 := >=1.2.3, <1.3.0
|
|
|
~1.2 := >=1.2.0, <1.3.0
|
|
|
~1 := >=1.0.0, <2.0.0
|
|
|
<span class="boring">}</span></code></pre>
|
|
|
<h4 id="-通配符"><a class="header" href="#-通配符"><code>*</code> 通配符</a></h4>
|
|
|
<p>这种方式允许将 <code>*</code> 所在的位置替换成任何数字:</p>
|
|
|
<pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust edition2021"><span class="boring">#![allow(unused)]
|
|
|
</span><span class="boring">fn main() {
|
|
|
</span>* := >=0.0.0
|
|
|
1.* := >=1.0.0, <2.0.0
|
|
|
1.2.* := >=1.2.0, <1.3.0
|
|
|
<span class="boring">}</span></code></pre>
|
|
|
<p>不过 <code>crates.io</code> 并不允许我们只使用孤零零一个 <code>*</code> 来指定版本号 : <code>*</code>。</p>
|
|
|
<h4 id="比较符"><a class="header" href="#比较符">比较符</a></h4>
|
|
|
<p>可以使用比较符的方式来指定一个版本号范围或一个精确的版本号:</p>
|
|
|
<pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust edition2021"><span class="boring">#![allow(unused)]
|
|
|
</span><span class="boring">fn main() {
|
|
|
</span>>= 1.2.0
|
|
|
> 1
|
|
|
< 2
|
|
|
= 1.2.3
|
|
|
<span class="boring">}</span></code></pre>
|
|
|
<p>同时还能使用比较符进行组合,并通过逗号分隔:</p>
|
|
|
<pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust edition2021"><span class="boring">#![allow(unused)]
|
|
|
</span><span class="boring">fn main() {
|
|
|
</span>>= 1.2, < 1.5
|
|
|
<span class="boring">}</span></code></pre>
|
|
|
<p>需要注意,以上的版本号规则仅仅针对 <code>crate.io</code> 和基于它搭建的注册服务(例如科大服务源) ,其它注册服务(例如 GitHub )有自己相应的规则。</p>
|
|
|
<h2 id="从其它注册服务引入依赖包"><a class="header" href="#从其它注册服务引入依赖包">从其它注册服务引入依赖包</a></h2>
|
|
|
<p>为了使用 <code>crates.io</code> 之外的注册服务,我们需要对 <code>$HOME/.cargo/config.toml</code> ($CARGO_HOME 下) 文件进行配置,添加新的服务提供商,有两种方式可以实现。</p>
|
|
|
<blockquote>
|
|
|
<p>由于国内访问国外注册服务的不稳定性,我们可以使用<a href="http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/help/crates.io-index.html">科大的注册服务</a>来提升下载速度,以下注册服务的链接都是科大的</p>
|
|
|
</blockquote>
|
|
|
<p><strong>首先是在 <code>crates.io</code> 之外添加新的注册服务</strong>,修改 <code>.cargo/config.toml</code> 添加以下内容:</p>
|
|
|
<pre><code class="language-toml">[registries]
|
|
|
ustc = { index = "https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/crates.io-index/" }
|
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
|
<p>对于这种方式,我们的项目的 <code>Cargo.toml</code> 中的依赖包引入方式也有所不同:</p>
|
|
|
<pre><code class="language-toml">[dependencies]
|
|
|
time = { registry = "ustc" }
|
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
|
<p>在重新配置后,初次构建可能要较久的时间,因为要下载更新 <code>ustc</code> 注册服务的索引文件,还挺大的…</p>
|
|
|
<p>注意,这一种使用方式最大的缺点就是在引用依赖包时要指定注册服务: <code>time = { registry = "ustc" }</code>。</p>
|
|
|
<p><strong>而第二种方式就不需要,因为它是直接使用新注册服务来替代默认的 <code>crates.io</code></strong>。</p>
|
|
|
<pre><code class="language-toml">[source.crates-io]
|
|
|
replace-with = 'ustc'
|
|
|
|
|
|
[source.ustc]
|
|
|
registry = "git://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/crates.io-index"
|
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
|
<p>上面配置中的第一个部分,首先将源 <code>source.crates-io</code> 替换为 <code>ustc</code>,然后在第二部分指定了 <code>ustc</code> 源的地址。</p>
|
|
|
<blockquote>
|
|
|
<p>注意,如果你要发布包到 <code>crates.io</code> 上,那该包的依赖也必须在 <code>crates.io</code> 上</p>
|
|
|
</blockquote>
|
|
|
<h4 id="引入-git-仓库作为依赖包"><a class="header" href="#引入-git-仓库作为依赖包">引入 git 仓库作为依赖包</a></h4>
|
|
|
<p>若要引入 git 仓库中的库作为依赖包,你至少需要提供一个仓库的地址:</p>
|
|
|
<pre><code class="language-toml">[dependencies]
|
|
|
regex = { git = "https://github.com/rust-lang/regex" }
|
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
|
<p>由于没有指定版本,Cargo 会假定我们使用 <code>master</code> 或 <code>main</code> 分支的最新 <code>commit</code> 。你可以使用 <code>rev</code>、<code>tag</code> 或 <code>branch</code> 来指定想要拉取的版本。例如下面代码拉取了 <code>next</code> 分支上的最新 <code>commit</code>:</p>
|
|
|
<pre><code class="language-toml">[dependencies]
|
|
|
regex = { git = "https://github.com/rust-lang/regex", branch = "next" }
|
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
|
<p>任何非 <code>tag</code> 和 <code>branch</code> 的类型都可以通过 <code>rev</code> 来引入,例如通过最近一次 <code>commit</code> 的哈希值引入: <code>rev = "4c59b707"</code>,再比如远程仓库提供的的具名引用: <code>rev = "refs/pull/493/head"</code>。</p>
|
|
|
<p>一旦 <code>git</code> 依赖被拉取下来,该版本就会被记录到 <code>Cargo.lock</code> 中进行锁定。因此 <code>git</code> 仓库中后续新的提交不再会被自动拉取,除非你通过 <code>cargo update</code> 来升级。需要注意的是锁定一旦被删除,那 Cargo 依然会按照 <code>Cargo.toml</code> 中配置的地址和版本去拉取新的版本,如果你配置的版本不正确,那可能会拉取下来一个不兼容的新版本!</p>
|
|
|
<p><strong>因此不要依赖锁定来完成版本的控制,而应该老老实实的在 <code>Cargo.toml</code> 小心配置你希望使用的版本。</strong></p>
|
|
|
<p>如果访问的是私有仓库,你可能需要授权来访问该仓库,可以查看<a href="https://course.rs/cargo/git-auth.html">这里</a>了解授权的方式。</p>
|
|
|
<h4 id="通过路径引入本地依赖包"><a class="header" href="#通过路径引入本地依赖包">通过路径引入本地依赖包</a></h4>
|
|
|
<p>Cargo 支持通过路径的方式来引入本地的依赖包:一般来说,本地依赖包都是同一个项目内的内部包,例如假设我们有一个 <code>hello_world</code> 项目( package ),现在在其根目录下新建一个包:</p>
|
|
|
<pre><code class="language-shell"># 在 hello_world/ 目录下
|
|
|
$ cargo new hello_utils
|
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
|
<p>新建的 <code>hello_utils</code> 文件夹跟 <code>src</code>、<code>Cargo.toml</code> 同级,现在修改 <code>Cargo.toml</code> 让 <code>hello_world</code> 项目引入新建的包:</p>
|
|
|
<pre><code class="language-toml">[dependencies]
|
|
|
hello_utils = { path = "hello_utils" }
|
|
|
# 以下路径也可以
|
|
|
# hello_utils = { path = "./hello_utils" }
|
|
|
# hello_utils = { path = "../hello_world/hello_utils" }
|
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
|
<p>但是,此时的 <code>hello_world</code> 是无法发布到 <code>crates.io</code> 上的。想要发布,需要先将 <code>hello_utils</code> 先发布到 <code>crates.io</code> 上,然后再通过 <code>crates.io</code> 的方式来引入:</p>
|
|
|
<pre><code class="language-toml">[dependencies]
|
|
|
hello_utils = { path = "hello_utils", version = "0.1.0" }
|
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
|
<blockquote>
|
|
|
<p>注意!使用 <code>path</code> 指定依赖的 package 将无法发布到 <code>crates.io</code>,除非 <code>path</code> 存在于 <a href="#dev-dependencies">[dev-dependencies]</a> 中。当然,你还可以使用多种引用混合的方式来解决这个问题,下面将进行介绍</p>
|
|
|
</blockquote>
|
|
|
<h2 id="多引用方式混合"><a class="header" href="#多引用方式混合">多引用方式混合</a></h2>
|
|
|
<p>实际上,我们可以同时使用多种方式来引入同一个包,例如本地引入和 <code>crates.io</code> :</p>
|
|
|
<pre><code class="language-toml">[dependencies]
|
|
|
# 本地使用时,通过 path 引入,
|
|
|
# 发布到 `crates.io` 时,通过 `crates.io` 的方式引入: version = "1.0"
|
|
|
bitflags = { path = "my-bitflags", version = "1.0" }
|
|
|
|
|
|
# 本地使用时,通过 git 仓库引入
|
|
|
# 当发布时,通过 `crates.io` 引入: version = "1.0"
|
|
|
smallvec = { git = "https://github.com/servo/rust-smallvec", version = "1.0" }
|
|
|
|
|
|
# N.B. 若 version 无法匹配,Cargo 将无法编译
|
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
|
<p>这种方式跟下章节将要讲述的依赖覆盖类似,但是前者只会应用到当前声明的依赖包上。</p>
|
|
|
<h2 id="根据平台引入依赖"><a class="header" href="#根据平台引入依赖">根据平台引入依赖</a></h2>
|
|
|
<p>我们还可以根据特定的平台来引入依赖:</p>
|
|
|
<pre><code class="language-toml">[target.'cfg(windows)'.dependencies]
|
|
|
winhttp = "0.4.0"
|
|
|
|
|
|
[target.'cfg(unix)'.dependencies]
|
|
|
openssl = "1.0.1"
|
|
|
|
|
|
[target.'cfg(target_arch = "x86")'.dependencies]
|
|
|
native = { path = "native/i686" }
|
|
|
|
|
|
[target.'cfg(target_arch = "x86_64")'.dependencies]
|
|
|
native = { path = "native/x86_64" }
|
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
|
<p>此处的语法跟 Rust 的 <a href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/reference/conditional-compilation.html"><code>#[cfg]</code></a> 语法非常相像,因此我们还能使用逻辑操作符进行控制:</p>
|
|
|
<pre><code class="language-toml">[target.'cfg(not(unix))'.dependencies]
|
|
|
openssl = "1.0.1"
|
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
|
<p>这里的意思是,当不是 <code>unix</code> 操作系统时,才对 <code>openssl</code> 进行引入。</p>
|
|
|
<p>如果你想要知道 <code>cfg</code> 能够作用的目标,可以在终端中运行 <code>rustc --print=cfg</code> 进行查询。当然,你可以指定平台查询: <code>rustc --print=cfg --target=x86_64-pc-windows-msvc</code>,该命令将对 <code>64bit</code> 的 Windows 进行查询。</p>
|
|
|
<p>聪明的同学已经发现,这非常类似于条件依赖引入,那我们是不是可以根据自定义的条件来决定是否引入某个依赖呢?具体答案参见后续的 <a href="https://course.rs/cargo/reference/features.html">feature</a> 章节。这里是一个简单的示例:</p>
|
|
|
<pre><code class="language-toml">[dependencies]
|
|
|
foo = { version = "1.0", optional = true }
|
|
|
bar = { version = "1.0", optional = true }
|
|
|
|
|
|
[features]
|
|
|
fancy-feature = ["foo", "bar"]
|
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
|
<p>但是需要注意的是,你如果妄图通过 <code>cfg(feature)</code>、<code>cfg(debug_assertions)</code>, <code>cfg(test)</code> 和 <code>cfg(proc_macro)</code> 的方式来条件引入依赖,那是不可行的。</p>
|
|
|
<p><code>Cargo</code> 还允许通过下面的方式来引入平台特定的依赖:</p>
|
|
|
<pre><code class="language-toml">[target.x86_64-pc-windows-gnu.dependencies]
|
|
|
winhttp = "0.4.0"
|
|
|
|
|
|
[target.i686-unknown-linux-gnu.dependencies]
|
|
|
openssl = "1.0.1"
|
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
|
<h2 id="自定义-target-引入"><a class="header" href="#自定义-target-引入">自定义 target 引入</a></h2>
|
|
|
<p>如果你在使用自定义的 <code>target</code> :例如 <code>--target bar.json</code>,那么可以通过下面方式来引入依赖:</p>
|
|
|
<pre><code class="language-toml">[target.bar.dependencies]
|
|
|
winhttp = "0.4.0"
|
|
|
|
|
|
[target.my-special-i686-platform.dependencies]
|
|
|
openssl = "1.0.1"
|
|
|
native = { path = "native/i686" }
|
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
|
<blockquote>
|
|
|
<p>需要注意,这种使用方式在 <code>stable</code> 版本的 Rust 中无法被使用,建议大家如果没有特别的需求,还是使用之前提到的 feature 方式</p>
|
|
|
</blockquote>
|
|
|
<h2 id="dev-dependencies"><a class="header" href="#dev-dependencies">[dev-dependencies]</a></h2>
|
|
|
<p>你还可以为项目添加只在测试时需要的依赖库,类似于 <code>package.json</code>( Nodejs )文件中的 <code>devDependencies</code>,可以在 <code>Cargo.toml</code> 中添加 <code>[dev-dependencies]</code> 来实现:</p>
|
|
|
<pre><code class="language-toml">[dev-dependencies]
|
|
|
tempdir = "0.3"
|
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
|
<p>这里的依赖只会在运行测试、示例和 benchmark 时才会被引入。并且,假设<code>A</code> 包引用了 <code>B</code>,而 <code>B</code> 通过 <code>[dev-dependencies]</code> 的方式引用了 <code>C</code> 包, 那 <code>A</code> 是不会引用 <code>C</code> 包的。</p>
|
|
|
<p>当然,我们还可以指定平台特定的测试依赖包:</p>
|
|
|
<pre><code class="language-toml">[target.'cfg(unix)'.dev-dependencies]
|
|
|
mio = "0.0.1"
|
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
|
<blockquote>
|
|
|
<p>注意,当发布包到 crates.io 时,<code>[dev-dependencies]</code> 中的依赖只有指定了 <code>version</code> 的才会被包含在发布包中。况且,再加上测试稳定性的考虑,我们建议为 <code>[dev-dependencies]</code> 中的包指定相应的版本号</p>
|
|
|
</blockquote>
|
|
|
<h2 id="build-dependencies"><a class="header" href="#build-dependencies">[build-dependencies]</a></h2>
|
|
|
<p>我们还可以指定某些依赖仅用于构建脚本:</p>
|
|
|
<pre><code class="language-toml">[build-dependencies]
|
|
|
cc = "1.0.3"
|
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
|
<p>当然,平台特定的依然可以使用:</p>
|
|
|
<pre><code class="language-toml">[target.'cfg(unix)'.build-dependencies]
|
|
|
cc = "1.0.3"
|
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
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<p>有一点需要注意:构建脚本(<code> build.rs</code> )和项目的正常代码是彼此独立,因此它们的依赖不能互通: 构建脚本无法使用 <code>[dependencies]</code> 或 <code>[dev-dependencies]</code> 中的依赖,而 <code>[build-dependencies]</code> 中的依赖也无法被构建脚本之外的代码所使用。</p>
|
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<h2 id="选择-features"><a class="header" href="#选择-features">选择 features</a></h2>
|
|
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<p>如果你依赖的包提供了条件性的 <code>features</code>,你可以指定使用哪一个:</p>
|
|
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<pre><code class="language-toml">[dependencies.awesome]
|
|
|
version = "1.3.5"
|
|
|
default-features = false # 不要包含默认的 features,而是通过下面的方式来指定
|
|
|
features = ["secure-password", "civet"]
|
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
|
<p>更多的信息参见 <a href="https://course.rs/cargo/reference/features.html">Features 章节</a></p>
|
|
|
<h2 id="在-cargotoml-中重命名依赖"><a class="header" href="#在-cargotoml-中重命名依赖">在 Cargo.toml 中重命名依赖</a></h2>
|
|
|
<p>如果你想要实现以下目标:</p>
|
|
|
<ul>
|
|
|
<li>避免在 Rust 代码中使用 <code>use foo as bar</code></li>
|
|
|
<li>依赖某个包的多个版本</li>
|
|
|
<li>依赖来自于不同注册服务的同名包</li>
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
<p>那可以使用 Cargo 提供的 <code>package key</code> :</p>
|
|
|
<pre><code class="language-toml">[package]
|
|
|
name = "mypackage"
|
|
|
version = "0.0.1"
|
|
|
|
|
|
[dependencies]
|
|
|
foo = "0.1"
|
|
|
bar = { git = "https://github.com/example/project", package = "foo" }
|
|
|
baz = { version = "0.1", registry = "custom", package = "foo" }
|
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
|
<p>此时,你的代码中可以使用三个包:</p>
|
|
|
<pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust edition2021"><span class="boring">#![allow(unused)]
|
|
|
</span><span class="boring">fn main() {
|
|
|
</span>extern crate foo; // 来自 crates.io
|
|
|
extern crate bar; // 来自 git repository
|
|
|
extern crate baz; // 来自 registry `custom`
|
|
|
<span class="boring">}</span></code></pre>
|
|
|
<p>有趣的是,由于这三个 <code>package</code> 的名称都是 <code>foo</code>(在各自的 <code>Cargo.toml</code> 中定义),因此我们显式的通过 <code>package = "foo"</code> 的方式告诉 Cargo:我们需要的就是这个 <code>foo package</code>,虽然它被重命名为 <code>bar</code> 或 <code>baz</code>。</p>
|
|
|
<p>有一点需要注意,当使用可选依赖时,如果你将 <code>foo</code> 包重命名为 <code>bar</code> 包,那引用前者的 feature 时的路径名也要做相应的修改:</p>
|
|
|
<pre><code class="language-toml">[dependencies]
|
|
|
bar = { version = "0.1", package = 'foo', optional = true }
|
|
|
|
|
|
[features]
|
|
|
log-debug = ['bar/log-debug'] # 若使用 'foo/log-debug' 会导致报错
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|
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</code></pre>
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