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@ -0,0 +1,270 @@
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# 一些收尾工作以及最终代码
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在之前的章节中,我们完成了 Bad 单链表栈的数据定义和基本操作,下面一起来写一些测试代码。
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## 单元测试
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> 关于如何编写测试,请参见[自动化测试章节](https://course.rs/test/write-tests.html)
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首先,单元测试代码要放在待测试的目标代码旁边,也就是同一个文件中:
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```rust
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// in first.rs
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#[cfg(test)]
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mod test {
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#[test]
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fn basics() {
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let mut list = List::new();
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// Check empty list behaves right
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assert_eq!(list.pop(), None);
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// Populate list
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list.push(1);
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list.push(2);
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list.push(3);
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// Check normal removal
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assert_eq!(list.pop(), Some(3));
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assert_eq!(list.pop(), Some(2));
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// Push some more just to make sure nothing's corrupted
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list.push(4);
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list.push(5);
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// Check normal removal
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assert_eq!(list.pop(), Some(5));
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assert_eq!(list.pop(), Some(4));
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// Check exhaustion
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assert_eq!(list.pop(), Some(1));
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assert_eq!(list.pop(), None);
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}
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}
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```
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在 `src/first.rs` 中添加以上测试模块,然后使用 `cart test` 运行相关的测试用例:
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```shell
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> cargo test
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error[E0433]: failed to resolve: use of undeclared type or module `List`
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--> src/first.rs:43:24
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43 | let mut list = List::new();
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| ^^^^ use of undeclared type or module `List`
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```
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Ooops! 报错了,从错误内容来看,是因为我们在一个不同的模块 `test` 中,引入了 `first` 模块中的代码,由于前者是后者的子模块,因此可以使用以下方式引入 `first` 模块中的 `List` 定义:
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```rust
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#[cfg(test)]
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mod test {
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use super::List;
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// 其它代码保持不变
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}
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```
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大家可以再次尝试使用 `carto test` 运行测试用例,具体的结果就不再展开,关于结果的解读,请参看文章开头的链接。
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## Drop
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现在还有一个问题,我们是否需要手动来清理释放我们的链表?答案是 No,因为 Rust 为我们提供了 `Drop` 特征,若变量实现了该特征,则在它离开作用域时将自动调用解构函数以实现资源清理释放工作,最妙的是,这一切都发生在编译期,因此没有多余的性能开销。
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> 关于 Drop 特征的详细介绍,请参见[智能指针 - Drop](https://course.rs/advance/smart-pointer/drop.html)
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事实上,我们无需手动为自定义类型实现 `Drop` 特征,原因是 Rust 自动为几乎所有类型都实现了 `Drop`,例如我们自定义的结构体,只要结构体的所有字段都实现了 `Drop`,那结构体也会自动实现 `Drop` !
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但是,有的时候这种自动实现可能不够优秀,例如考虑以下链表:
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```shell
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list -> A -> B -> C
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```
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当 `List` 被自动 `drop` 后,接着会去尝试 `Drop` A,然后是 `B`,最后是 `C`。这个时候,其中一部分读者可能会紧张起来,因此这其实是一段递归代码,可能会直接撑爆我们的 stack 栈。
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例如以下的测试代码会试图创建一个很长的链表,然后会导致栈溢出错误:
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```rust
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```rust, ignore
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#[test]
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fn long_list() {
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let mut list = List::new();
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for i in 0..100000 {
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list.push(i);
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}
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drop(list);
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}
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```
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```shell
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thread 'first::test::long_list' has overflowed its stack
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```
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可能另一部分同学会想 "这显然是[尾递归](https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/尾调用),一个靠谱的编程语言是不会让尾递归撑爆我们的 stack"。然后,这个想法并不正确,下面让我们尝试模拟编译器来看看 `Drop` 会如何实现:
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```rust
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impl Drop for List {
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fn drop(&mut self) {
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// NOTE: 在 Rust 代码中,我们不能显式的调用 `drop` 方法,只能调用 std::mem::drop 函数
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// 这里只是在模拟编译器!
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self.head.drop(); // 尾递归 - good!
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}
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}
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impl Drop for Link {
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fn drop(&mut self) {
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match *self {
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Link::Empty => {} // Done!
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Link::More(ref mut boxed_node) => {
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boxed_node.drop(); // 尾递归 - good!
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}
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}
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}
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}
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impl Drop for Box<Node> {
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fn drop(&mut self) {
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self.ptr.drop(); // 糟糕,这里不是尾递归!
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deallocate(self.ptr); // 不是尾递归的原因是在 `drop` 后,还有额外的操作
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}
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}
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impl Drop for Node {
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fn drop(&mut self) {
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self.next.drop();
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}
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}
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```
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从上面的代码和注释可以看出为 `Box<Node>` 实现的 `drop` 方法中,在 `self.ptr.drop` 后调用的 `deallocate` 会导致非尾递归的情况发生。
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因此我们需要手动为 `List` 实现 `Drop` 特征:
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```rust
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impl Drop for List {
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fn drop(&mut self) {
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let mut cur_link = mem::replace(&mut self.head, Link::Empty);
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while let Link::More(mut boxed_node) = cur_link {
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cur_link = mem::replace(&mut boxed_node.next, Link::Empty);
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// boxed_node 在这里超出作用域并被 drop,
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// 由于它的 `next` 字段拥有的 `Node` 被设置为 Link::Empty,
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// 因此这里并不会有无边界的递归发生
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}
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}
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}
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```
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测试下上面的实现以及之前的长链表例子:
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```shell
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> cargo test
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Running target/debug/lists-5c71138492ad4b4a
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running 2 tests
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test first::test::basics ... ok
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test first::test::long_list ... ok
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test result: ok. 2 passed; 0 failed; 0 ignored; 0 measured
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```
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完美!
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<span style="float:left"><img src="https://rust-unofficial.github.io/too-many-lists/img/profbee.gif" /></span>
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#### 提前优化的好处!
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事实上,我们在这里做了提前优化,否则可以使用 `while let Some(_) = self.pop() { }`, 这种实现显然更加简单. 那么问题来了:它们的区别是什么,有哪些性能上的好处?特别是在链表不仅仅支持 `i32` 时。
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<details>
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<summary>点击这里展开答案</summary>
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`self.pop()` 的会返回 `Option<i32>`, 而我们之前的实现仅仅对智能指针 `Box<Node>` 进行操作。前者会对值进行拷贝,而后者仅仅使用的是指针类型。
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当链表中包含的值是其他较大的类型时,那这个拷贝的开销将变得非常高昂。
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</details>
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## 最终代码
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```rust
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use std::mem;
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pub struct List {
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head: Link,
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}
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enum Link {
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Empty,
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More(Box<Node>),
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}
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struct Node {
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elem: i32,
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next: Link,
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}
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impl List {
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pub fn new() -> Self {
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List { head: Link::Empty }
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}
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pub fn push(&mut self, elem: i32) {
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let new_node = Box::new(Node {
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elem: elem,
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next: mem::replace(&mut self.head, Link::Empty),
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});
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self.head = Link::More(new_node);
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}
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pub fn pop(&mut self) -> Option<i32> {
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match mem::replace(&mut self.head, Link::Empty) {
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Link::Empty => None,
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Link::More(node) => {
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self.head = node.next;
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Some(node.elem)
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}
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}
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}
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}
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impl Drop for List {
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fn drop(&mut self) {
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let mut cur_link = mem::replace(&mut self.head, Link::Empty);
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while let Link::More(mut boxed_node) = cur_link {
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cur_link = mem::replace(&mut boxed_node.next, Link::Empty);
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}
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}
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}
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#[cfg(test)]
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mod test {
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use super::List;
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#[test]
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fn basics() {
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let mut list = List::new();
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// Check empty list behaves right
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assert_eq!(list.pop(), None);
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// Populate list
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list.push(1);
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list.push(2);
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list.push(3);
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|
|
// Check normal removal
|
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assert_eq!(list.pop(), Some(3));
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assert_eq!(list.pop(), Some(2));
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|
|
// Push some more just to make sure nothing's corrupted
|
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|
|
list.push(4);
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|
|
list.push(5);
|
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|
|
// Check normal removal
|
|
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|
|
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|
|
assert_eq!(list.pop(), Some(5));
|
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|
|
assert_eq!(list.pop(), Some(4));
|
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|
|
// Check exhaustion
|
|
|
|
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|
|
assert_eq!(list.pop(), Some(1));
|
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|
|
|
|
|
|
assert_eq!(list.pop(), None);
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
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|
|
```
|
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从代码行数也可以看出,我们实现的肯定不是一个精致的链表:总共只有 80 行代码,其中一半还是测试!
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但是万事开头难,既然开了一个好头,那接下来我们一鼓作气,继续看看更精致的链表长什么样。
|