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@ -0,0 +1,232 @@
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# 一些疑难问题的解决办法
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`async` 在 Rust 依然比较新,疑难杂症少不了,而它们往往还处于活跃开发状态,短时间内无法被解决,因此才有了本文。下面一起来看看这些问题以及相应的临时解决方案。
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## 在 async 语句块中使用 ?
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`async` 语句块和 `async fn` 最大的区别就是前者无法显式的声明返回值,在大多数时候这都不是问题,但是当配合 `?` 一起使用时,问题就有所不同:
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```rust
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async fn foo() -> Result<u8, String> {
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Ok(1)
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}
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async fn bar() -> Result<u8, String> {
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Ok(1)
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}
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pub fn main() {
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let fut = async {
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foo().await?;
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bar().await?;
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Ok(())
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};
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}
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```
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以上代码编译后会报错:
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```shell
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error[E0282]: type annotations needed
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--> src/main.rs:14:9
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11 | let fut = async {
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| --- consider giving `fut` a type
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...
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14 | Ok(1)
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| ^^ cannot infer type for type parameter `E` declared on the enum `Result`
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```
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原因在于编译器无法推断出 `Result<T, E>`中的 `E` 的类型, 而且编译器的提示`consider giving fut a type`你也别傻乎乎的相信,然后尝试半天,最后无奈放弃:目前还没有办法为 `async` 语句块指定返回类型。
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既然编译器无法推断出类型,那咱就给它更多提示,可以使用 `::< ... >` 的方式来增加类型注释:
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```rust
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let fut = async {
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foo().await?;
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bar().await?;
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Ok::<(), String>(()) // 在这一行进行显式的类型注释
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};
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```
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给予类型注释后此时编译器就知道`Result<T, E>`中的 `E` 的类型是`String`,进而成功通过编译。
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## async 函数和 Send 特征
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在多线程章节我们深入讲过 `Send` 特征对于多线程间数据传递的重要性,对于 `async fn` 也是如此,它返回的 `Future` 能否在线程间传递的关键在于 `.await` 运行过程中,作用域中的变量类型是否是 `Send`。
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学到这里,相信大家已经很清楚`Rc`无法在多线程环境使用,原因就在于它并未实现 `Send` 特征,那咱就用它来做例子:
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```rust
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use std::rc::Rc;
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#[derive(Default)]
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struct NotSend(Rc<()>);
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```
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事实上,未实现 `Send` 特征的变量可以出现在 `async fn` 语句块中:
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```rust
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async fn bar() {}
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async fn foo() {
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NotSend::default();
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bar().await;
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}
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fn require_send(_: impl Send) {}
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fn main() {
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require_send(foo());
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}
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```
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即使上面的 `foo` 返回的 `Future` 是 `Send`, 但是在它内部短暂的使用 `NotSend` 依然是安全的,原因在于它的作用域并没有影响到 `.await`,下面来试试声明一个变量,然后让 `.await`的调用处于变量的作用域中试试:
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```rust
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async fn foo() {
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let x = NotSend::default();
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bar().await;
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}
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```
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不出所料,错误如期而至:
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```shell
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error: future cannot be sent between threads safely
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--> src/main.rs:17:18
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17 | require_send(foo());
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| ^^^^^ future returned by `foo` is not `Send`
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= help: within `impl futures::Future<Output = ()>`, the trait `std::marker::Send` is not implemented for `Rc<()>`
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note: future is not `Send` as this value is used across an await
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--> src/main.rs:11:5
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10 | let x = NotSend::default();
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| - has type `NotSend` which is not `Send`
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11 | bar().await;
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| ^^^^^^^^^^^ await occurs here, with `x` maybe used later
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12 | }
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| - `x` is later dropped here
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```
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提示很清晰,`.await`在运行时处于 `x` 的作用域内。在之前章节有提到过, `.await` 有可能被执行器调度到另一个线程上运行,而 `Rc` 并没有实现 `Send`,因此编译器无情拒绝了咱们。
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其中一个可能的解决方法是在 `.await` 之前就使用 `std::mem::drop` 释放掉 `Rc`,但是很可惜,截止今天,该方法依然不能解决这种问题。
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不知道有多少同学还记得语句块 `{ ... }` 在 Rust 中其实具有非常重要的作用(特别是相比其它大多数语言来说时):可以将变量声明在语句块内,当语句块结束时,变量会自动被 `drop`,这个规则可以帮助我们解决很多借用冲突问题,特别是在 `NLL` 出来之前。
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```rust
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async fn foo() {
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{
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let x = NotSend::default();
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}
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bar().await;
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}
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```
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是不是很简单?最终我们还是通过 `Drop` 的方式解决了这个问题,当然,还是期待未来 `std::mem::drop` 也能派上用场。
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## 递归使用async fn
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在内部实现中,`async fn`被编译成一个状态机,这会导致递归使用 `async fn` 变得较为复杂, 因为编译后的状态机还需要包含自身。
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```rust
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// foo函数:
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async fn foo() {
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step_one().await;
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step_two().await;
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}
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// 会被编译成类似下面的类型:
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enum Foo {
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First(StepOne),
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Second(StepTwo),
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}
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// 因此recursive函数
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async fn recursive() {
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recursive().await;
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recursive().await;
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}
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// 会生成类似以下的类型
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enum Recursive {
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First(Recursive),
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Second(Recursive),
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}
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```
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这是典型的[动态大小类型](../advance/custom-type.md#动态大小类型),它的大小会无限增长,因此编译器会直接报错:
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```shell
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error[E0733]: recursion in an `async fn` requires boxing
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--> src/lib.rs:1:22
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1 | async fn recursive() {
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| ^ an `async fn` cannot invoke itself directly
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= note: a recursive `async fn` must be rewritten to return a boxed future.
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```
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如果认真学过之前的章节,大家应该知道只要将其使用 `Box` 放到堆上而不是栈上,就可以解决,在这里还是要称赞下 Rust 的编译器,给出的提示总是这么精确`recursion in an async fn requires boxing`。
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就算是使用 `Box`,这里也大有讲究。如果我们试图使用 `Box::pin` 这种方式去包裹是不行的,因为编译器自身的限制限制了我们(刚夸过它。。。)。为了解决这种问题,我们只能将 `recursive` 转变成一个正常的函数,该函数返回一个使用 `Box` 包裹的 `async` 语句块:
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```rust
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use futures::future::{BoxFuture, FutureExt};
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fn recursive() -> BoxFuture<'static, ()> {
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async move {
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recursive().await;
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recursive().await;
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}.boxed()
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}
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```
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## 在特征中使用 async
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在目前版本中,我们还无法在特征中定义 `async fn` 函数,不过大家也不用担心,目前已经有计划在未来移除这个限制了。
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```rust
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trait Test {
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async fn test();
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}
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```
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运行后报错:
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```shell
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error[E0706]: functions in traits cannot be declared `async`
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--> src/main.rs:5:5
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5 | async fn test();
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| -----^^^^^^^^^^^
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| |
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| `async` because of this
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= note: `async` trait functions are not currently supported
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= note: consider using the `async-trait` crate: https://crates.io/crates/async-trait
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```
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好在编译器给出了提示,让我们使用 [`async-trait`](https://github.com/dtolnay/async-trait) 解决这个问题:
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```rust
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use async_trait::async_trait;
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#[async_trait]
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trait Advertisement {
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async fn run(&self);
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}
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struct Modal;
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#[async_trait]
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impl Advertisement for Modal {
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async fn run(&self) {
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self.render_fullscreen().await;
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for _ in 0..4u16 {
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remind_user_to_join_mailing_list().await;
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}
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self.hide_for_now().await;
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}
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}
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struct AutoplayingVideo {
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media_url: String,
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}
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#[async_trait]
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impl Advertisement for AutoplayingVideo {
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async fn run(&self) {
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let stream = connect(&self.media_url).await;
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stream.play().await;
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// 用视频说服用户加入我们的邮件列表
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Modal.run().await;
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}
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}
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```
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不过使用该包并不是免费的,每一次特征中的`async`函数被调用时,都会产生一次堆内存分配。对于大多数场景,这个性能开销都可以接受,但是当函数一秒调用几十万、几百万次时,就得小心这块儿代码的性能了!
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