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@ -2,4 +2,245 @@
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> 本章节的代码中有一个隐藏的 bug,因为它藏身于 unsafe 中,因此不会导致报错,我们会在后续章节解决这个问题,所以,请不要在生产环境使用此处的代码
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> 本章节的代码中有一个隐藏的 bug,因为它藏身于 unsafe 中,因此不会导致报错,我们会在后续章节解决这个问题,所以,请不要在生产环境使用此处的代码
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在开始之前,大家需要先了解 unsafe 的[相关知识](https://course.rs/advance/unsafe/intro.html),
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在开始之前,大家需要先了解 unsafe 的[相关知识](https://course.rs/advance/unsafe/intro.html)。那么,言归正传,该如何构建一个链表?在之前我们是这么做的:
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```rust
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impl<T> List<T> {
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pub fn new() -> Self {
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List { head: None, tail: None }
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}
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}
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```
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但是我们不再在 `tail` 中使用 `Option`:
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```shell
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> cargo build
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error[E0308]: mismatched types
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--> src/fifth.rs:15:34
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15 | List { head: None, tail: None }
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| ^^^^ expected *-ptr, found
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| enum `std::option::Option`
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= note: expected type `*mut fifth::Node<T>`
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found type `std::option::Option<_>`
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```
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我们是可以使用 `Option` 包裹一层,但是 `*mut` 裸指针之所以裸,是因为它狂,它可以是 `null` ! 因此 `Option` 就变得没有意义:
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```rust
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use std::ptr;
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// defns...
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impl<T> List<T> {
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pub fn new() -> Self {
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List { head: None, tail: ptr::null_mut() }
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}
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}
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```
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如上所示,通过 `std::ptr::null_mut` 函数可以获取一个 `null`,当然,还可以使用 `0 as *mut _`,但是...已经这么不安全了,好歹我们要留一点代码可读性上的尊严吧 = , =
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好了,现在是时候去重新实现 `push` ,之前获取的是 `Option<&mut Node<T>>` 成为我们的拦路虎,这次来看看如果是获取 `*mut Node<T>` 还会不会有类似的问题。
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首先,该如何将一个普通的引用变成裸指针?答案是:强制转换 Coercions。
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```rust
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let raw_tail: *mut _ = &mut *new_tail;
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```
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来看看 `push` 的实现:
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```rust
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pub fn push(&mut self, elem: T) {
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let mut new_tail = Box::new(Node {
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elem: elem,
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next: None,
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});
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let raw_tail: *mut _ = &mut *new_tail;
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// .is_null 会检查是否为 null, 在功能上等价于 `None` 的检查
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if !self.tail.is_null() {
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// 如果 old tail 存在,那将其指向新的 tail
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self.tail.next = Some(new_tail);
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} else {
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// 否则让 head 指向新的 tail
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self.head = Some(new_tail);
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}
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self.tail = raw_tail;
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}
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```
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```shell
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> cargo build
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error[E0609]: no field `next` on type `*mut fifth::Node<T>`
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--> src/fifth.rs:31:23
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31 | self.tail.next = Some(new_tail);
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| ----------^^^^
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| |
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| help: `self.tail` is a raw pointer;
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| try dereferencing it: `(*self.tail).next`
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```
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当使用裸指针时,一些 Rust 提供的便利条件也将不复存在,例如由于不安全性的存在,裸指针需要我们手动去解引用( deref ):
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```rust
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*self.tail.next = Some(new_tail);
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```
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```shell
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> cargo build
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error[E0609]: no field `next` on type `*mut fifth::Node<T>`
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--> src/fifth.rs:31:23
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31 | *self.tail.next = Some(new_tail);
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| -----------^^^^
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| |
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| help: `self.tail` is a raw pointer;
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| try dereferencing it: `(*self.tail).next`
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```
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哦哦,运算符的优先级问题:
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```rust
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(*self.tail).next = Some(new_tail);
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```
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```shell
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> cargo build
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error[E0133]: dereference of raw pointer is unsafe and requires
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unsafe function or block
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--> src/fifth.rs:31:13
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31 | (*self.tail).next = Some(new_tail);
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| ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ dereference of raw pointer
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= note: raw pointers may be NULL, dangling or unaligned;
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they can violate aliasing rules and cause data races:
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all of these are undefined behavior
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```
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哎...太难了,错误一个连一个,好在编译器给出了提示:由于我们在进行不安全的操作,因此需要使用 `unsafe` 语句块。那么问题来了,是将某几行代码包在 `unsafe` 中还是将整个函数包在 `unsafe` 中呢?如果大家不知道哪个是正确答案的话,证明[之前的章节](https://course.rs/advance/unsafe/intro.html#控制-unsafe-的使用边界)还是没有仔细学,请回去再看一下,巩固巩固:)
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```rust
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pub fn push(&mut self, elem: T) {
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let mut new_tail = Box::new(Node {
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elem: elem,
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next: None,
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});
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let raw_tail: *mut _ = &mut *new_tail;
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if !self.tail.is_null() {
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// 你好编译器,我知道我在做危险的事情,我向你保证:就算犯错了,也和你没有关系,都是我这个不优秀的程序员的责任
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unsafe {
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(*self.tail).next = Some(new_tail);
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}
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} else {
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self.head = Some(new_tail);
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}
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self.tail = raw_tail;
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}
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```
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```shell
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> cargo build
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warning: field is never used: `elem`
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--> src/fifth.rs:11:5
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11 | elem: T,
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| ^^^^^^^
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= note: #[warn(dead_code)] on by default
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```
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细心的同学可能会发现:不是所有的裸指针代码都有 unsafe 的身影。原因在于:**创建原生指针是安全的行为,而解引用原生指针才是不安全的行为**
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呼,长出了一口气,终于成功实现了 `push` ,下面来看看 `pop`:
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```rust
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pub fn pop(&mut self) -> Option<T> {
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self.head.take().map(|head| {
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let head = *head;
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self.head = head.next;
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if self.head.is_none() {
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self.tail = ptr::null_mut();
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}
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head.elem
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})
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}
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```
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测试下:
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```rust
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#[cfg(test)]
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mod test {
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use super::List;
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#[test]
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fn basics() {
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let mut list = List::new();
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// Check empty list behaves right
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assert_eq!(list.pop(), None);
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// Populate list
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list.push(1);
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list.push(2);
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list.push(3);
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// Check normal removal
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assert_eq!(list.pop(), Some(1));
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assert_eq!(list.pop(), Some(2));
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// Push some more just to make sure nothing's corrupted
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list.push(4);
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list.push(5);
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// Check normal removal
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assert_eq!(list.pop(), Some(3));
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assert_eq!(list.pop(), Some(4));
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// Check exhaustion
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assert_eq!(list.pop(), Some(5));
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assert_eq!(list.pop(), None);
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// Check the exhaustion case fixed the pointer right
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list.push(6);
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list.push(7);
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// Check normal removal
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assert_eq!(list.pop(), Some(6));
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assert_eq!(list.pop(), Some(7));
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assert_eq!(list.pop(), None);
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}
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}
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```
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摊牌了,我们偷懒了,这些测试就是从之前的栈链表赋值过来的,但是依然做了些改变,例如在末尾增加了几个步骤以确保在 `pop` 中不会发生尾指针损坏( tail-pointer corruption )的情况。
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```shell
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cargo test
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running 12 tests
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test fifth::test::basics ... ok
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test first::test::basics ... ok
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test fourth::test::basics ... ok
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test fourth::test::peek ... ok
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test second::test::basics ... ok
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test fourth::test::into_iter ... ok
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test second::test::into_iter ... ok
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test second::test::iter ... ok
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test second::test::iter_mut ... ok
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test second::test::peek ... ok
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test third::test::basics ... ok
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test third::test::iter ... ok
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test result: ok. 12 passed; 0 failed; 0 ignored; 0 measured
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```
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