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<ol class="chapter"><li class="chapter-item affix "><a href="../../about-book.html">关于本书</a></li><li class="chapter-item affix "><a href="../../into-rust.html">进入 Rust 编程世界</a></li><li class="chapter-item affix "><a href="../../first-try/sth-you-should-not-do.html">避免从入门到放弃</a></li><li class="chapter-item affix "><a href="../../community.html">社区和锈书</a></li><li class="spacer"></li><li class="chapter-item affix "><a href="../../some-thoughts.html">Xobserve: 一切皆可观测</a></li><li class="chapter-item affix "><a href="../../beat-ai.html">BeatAI: 工程师 AI 入门圣经</a></li><li class="chapter-item affix "><li class="part-title">Rust 语言基础学习</li><li class="spacer"></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../first-try/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> 寻找牛刀，以便小试</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../first-try/installation.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.1.</strong> 安装 Rust 环境</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../first-try/editor.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.2.</strong> 墙推 VSCode!</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../first-try/cargo.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.3.</strong> 认识 Cargo</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../first-try/hello-world.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.4.</strong> 不仅仅是 Hello world</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../first-try/slowly-downloading.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.5.</strong> 下载依赖太慢了？</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> Rust 基础入门</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/variable.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.1.</strong> 变量绑定与解构</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/base-type/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.</strong> 基本类型</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/base-type/numbers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.1.</strong> 数值类型</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/base-type/char-bool.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.2.</strong> 字符、布尔、单元类型</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/base-type/statement-expression.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.3.</strong> 语句与表达式</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/base-type/function.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.4.</strong> 函数</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/ownership/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.3.</strong> 所有权和借用</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/ownership/ownership.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.3.1.</strong> 所有权</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/ownership/borrowing.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.3.2.</strong> 引用与借用</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/compound-type/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.</strong> 复合类型</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/compound-type/string-slice.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.1.</strong> 字符串与切片</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/compound-type/tuple.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.2.</strong> 元组</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/compound-type/struct.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.3.</strong> 结构体</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/compound-type/enum.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.4.</strong> 枚举</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/compound-type/array.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.5.</strong> 数组</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/flow-control.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.5.</strong> 流程控制</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/match-pattern/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.6.</strong> 模式匹配</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/match-pattern/match-if-let.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.6.1.</strong> match 和 if let</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/match-pattern/option.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.6.2.</strong> 解构 Option</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/match-pattern/pattern-match.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.6.3.</strong> 模式适用场景</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/match-pattern/all-patterns.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.6.4.</strong> 全模式列表</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/method.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.7.</strong> 方法 Method</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/trait/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.8.</strong> 泛型和特征</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/trait/generic.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.8.1.</strong> 泛型 Generics</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/trait/trait.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.8.2.</strong> 特征 Trait</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/trait/trait-object.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.8.3.</strong> 特征对象</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/trait/advance-trait.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.8.4.</strong> 进一步深入特征</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/collections/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.9.</strong> 集合类型</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/collections/vector.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.9.1.</strong> 动态数组 Vector</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/collections/hashmap.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.9.2.</strong> KV 存储 HashMap</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/lifetime.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.10.</strong> 认识生命周期</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/result-error/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.11.</strong> 返回值和错误处理</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/result-error/panic.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.11.1.</strong> panic! 深入剖析</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/result-error/result.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.11.2.</strong> 返回值 Result 和?</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/crate-module/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.12.</strong> 包和模块</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/crate-module/crate.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.12.1.</strong> 包 Crate</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/crate-module/module.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.12.2.</strong> 模块 Module</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/crate-module/use.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.12.3.</strong> 使用 use 引入模块及受限可见性</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/comment.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.13.</strong> 注释和文档</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/formatted-output.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.14.</strong> 格式化输出</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic-practice/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.</strong> 入门实战：文件搜索工具</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic-practice/base-features.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.1.</strong> 基本功能</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic-practice/refactoring.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.2.</strong> 增加模块化和错误处理</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic-practice/tests.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.3.</strong> 测试驱动开发</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic-practice/envs.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.4.</strong> 使用环境变量</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic-practice/stderr.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.5.</strong> 重定向错误信息的输出</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic-practice/iterators.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.6.</strong> 使用迭代器来改进程序(可选)</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><li class="part-title">Rust 语言进阶学习</li><li class="spacer"></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../advance/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.</strong> Rust 高级进阶</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance/lifetime/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.1.</strong> 生命周期</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance/lifetime/advance.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.1.1.</strong> 深入生命周期</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance/lifetime/static.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.1.2.</strong> &'static 和 T: 'static</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance/functional-programing/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.2.</strong> 函数式编程: 闭包、迭代器</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance/functional-programing/closure.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.2.1.</strong> 闭包 Closure</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance/functional-programing/iterator.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.2.2.</strong> 迭代器 Iterator</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance/into-types/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.3.</strong> 深入类型</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance/into-types/converse.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.3.1.</strong> 类型转换</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance/into-types/custom-type.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.3.2.</strong> newtype 和 类型别名</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance/into-types/sized.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.3.3.</strong> Sized 和不定长类型 DST</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance/into-types/enum-int.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.3.4.</strong> 枚举和整数</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../advance/smart-pointer/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.4.</strong> 智能指针</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance/smart-pointer/box.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.4.1.</strong> Box堆对象分配</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance/smart-pointer/deref.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.4.2.</strong> Deref 解引用</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance/smart-pointer/drop.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.4.3.</strong> Drop 释放资源</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance/smart-pointer/rc-arc.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.4.4.</strong> Rc 与 Arc 实现 1vN 所有权机制</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../advance/smart-pointer/cell-refcell.html" class="active"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.4.5.</strong> Cell 与 RefCell 内部可变性</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance/circle-self-ref/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.5.</strong> 循环引用与自引用</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance/circle-self-ref/circle-reference.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.5.1.</strong> Weak 与循环引用</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance/circle-self-ref/self-referential.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.5.2.</strong> 结构体中的自引用</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance/concurrency-with-threads/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.6.</strong> 多线程并发编程</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance/concurrency-with-threads/concurrency-parallelism.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.6.1.</strong> 并发和并行</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance/concurrency-with-threads/thread.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.6.2.</strong> 使用多线程</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance/concurrency-with-threads/message-passing.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.6.3.</strong> 线程同步：消息传递</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance/concurrency-with-threads/sync1.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.6.4.</strong> 线程同步：锁、Condvar 和信号量</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance/concurrency-with-threads/sync2.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.6.5.</strong> 线程同步：Atomic 原子操作与内存顺序</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance/concurrency-with-threads/send-sync.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.6.6.</strong> 基于 Send 和 Sync 的线程安全</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance/global-variable.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.7.</strong> 全局变量</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance/errors.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.8.</strong> 错误处理</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance/unsafe/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.9.</strong> Unsafe Rust</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance/unsafe/superpowers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.9.1.</strong> 五种兵器</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance/unsafe/inline-asm.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.9.2.</strong> 内联汇编</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance/macro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.10.</strong> Macro 宏编程</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance/async/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.11.</strong> async/await 异步编程</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance/async/getting-started.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.11.1.</strong> async 编程入门</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance/async/future-excuting.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.11.2.</strong> 底层探秘: Future 执行与任务调度</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance/async/pin-unpin.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.11.3.</strong> 定海神针 Pin 和 Unpin</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance/async/async-await.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.11.4.</strong> async/await 和 Stream 流处理</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance/async/multi-futures-simultaneous.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.11.5.</strong> 同时运行多个 Future</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance/async/pain-points-and-workarounds.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.11.6.</strong> 一些疑难问题的解决办法</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance/async/web-server.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.11.7.</strong> 实践应用：Async Web 服务器</a></li></ol></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance-practice1/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.</strong> 进阶实战1: 实现一个 web 服务器</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance-practice1/web-server.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.1.</strong> 单线程版本</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance-practice1/multi-threads.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.2.</strong> 多线程版本</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance-practice1/graceful-shutdown.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.3.</strong> 优雅关闭和资源清理</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance-practice/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.</strong> 进阶实战2: 实现一个简单 Redis</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance-practice/overview.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.1.</strong> tokio 概览</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance-practice/getting-startted.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.2.</strong> 使用初印象</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance-practice/spawning.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.3.</strong> 创建异步任务</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance-practice/shared-state.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.4.</strong> 共享状态</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance-practice/channels.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.5.</strong> 消息传递</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance-practice/io.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.6.</strong> I/O</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance-practice/frame.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.7.</strong> 解析数据帧</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance-practice/async.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.8.</strong> 深入 async</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance-practice/select.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.9.</strong> select</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance-practice/stream.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.10.</strong> 类似迭代器的 Stream</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance-practice/graceful-shutdown.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.11.</strong> 优雅的关闭</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance-practice/bridging-with-sync.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.12.</strong> 异步跟同步共存</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../difficulties/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.</strong> Rust 难点攻关</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../difficulties/slice.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.1.</strong> 切片和切片引用</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../difficulties/eq.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.2.</strong> Eq 和 PartialEq</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../difficulties/string.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.3.</strong> String、&str 和 str TODO</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../difficulties/lifetime.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.4.</strong> 作用域、生命周期和 NLL TODO</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../difficulties/move-copy.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.5.</strong> move、Copy 和 Clone TODO</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance/difficulties/pointer.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.6.</strong> 裸指针、引用和智能指针 TODO</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><li class="part-title">常用工具链</li><li class="spacer"></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../test/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.</strong> 自动化测试</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../test/write-tests.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.1.</strong> 编写测试及控制执行</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../test/unit-integration-test.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.2.</strong> 单元测试和集成测试</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../test/assertion.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.3.</strong> 断言 assertion</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../test/ci.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.4.</strong> 用 GitHub Actions 进行持续集成</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../test/benchmark.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.5.</strong> 基准测试 benchmark</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../cargo/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.</strong> Cargo 使用指南</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../cargo/getting-started.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.1.</strong> 上手使用</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../cargo/guide/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.2.</strong> 基础指南</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../cargo/guide/why-exist.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.2.1.</strong> 为何会有 Cargo</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../cargo/guide/download-package.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.2.2.</strong> 下载并构建 Package</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../cargo/guide/dependencies.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.2.3.</strong> 添加依赖</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../cargo/guide/package-layout.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.2.4.</strong> Package 目录结构</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../cargo/guide/cargo-toml-lock.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.2.5.</strong> Cargo.toml vs Cargo.lock</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../cargo/guide/tests-ci.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.2.6.</strong> 测试和 CI</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../cargo/guide/cargo-cache.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.2.7.</strong> Cargo 缓存</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../cargo/guide/build-cache.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.2.8.</strong> Build 缓存</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../cargo/reference/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.3.</strong> 进阶指南</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../cargo/reference/specify-deps.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.3.1.</strong> 指定依赖项</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../cargo/reference/deps-overriding.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.3.2.</strong> 依赖覆盖</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../cargo/reference/manifest.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.3.3.</strong> Cargo.toml 清单详解</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../cargo/reference/cargo-target.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.3.4.</strong> Cargo Target</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../cargo/reference/workspaces.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.3.5.</strong> 工作空间 Workspace</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../cargo/reference/features/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.3.6.</strong> 条件编译 Features</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../cargo/reference/features/examples.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.3.6.1.</strong> Features 示例</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../cargo/reference/profiles.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.3.7.</strong> 发布配置 Profile</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../cargo/reference/configuration.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.3.8.</strong> 通过 config.toml 对 Cargo 进行配置</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../cargo/reference/publishing-on-crates.io.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.3.9.</strong> 发布到 crates.io</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../cargo/reference/build-script/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.3.10.</strong> 构建脚本 build.rs</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../cargo/reference/build-script/examples.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.3.10.1.</strong> 构建脚本示例</a></li></ol></li></ol></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><li class="part-title">开发实践</li><li class="spacer"></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../usecases/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.</strong> 企业落地实践</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../usecases/aws-rust.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.1.</strong> AWS 为何这么喜欢 Rust?</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../logs/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">11.</strong> 日志和监控</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../logs/about-log.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">11.1.</strong> 日志详解</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../logs/log.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">11.2.</strong> 日志门面 log</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../logs/tracing.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">11.3.</strong> 使用 tracing 记录日志</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../logs/tracing-logger.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">11.4.</strong> 自定义 tracing 的输出格式</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../logs/observe/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">11.5.</strong> 监控</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../logs/observe/about-observe.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">11.5.1.</strong> 可观测性</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../logs/observe/trace.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">11.5.2.</strong> 分布式追踪</a></li></ol></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../practice/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">12.</strong> Rust 最佳实践</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../practice/third-party-libs.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">12.1.</strong> 日常开发三方库精选</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../practice/naming.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">12.2.</strong> 命名规范</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../practice/interview.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">12.3.</strong> 面试经验</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../practice/best-pratice.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">12.4.</strong> 代码开发实践 todo</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../too-many-lists/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.</strong> 手把手带你实现链表</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../too-many-lists/do-we-need-it.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.1.</strong> 我们到底需不需要链表</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../too-many-lists/bad-stack/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.2.</strong> 不太优秀的单向链表：栈</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../too-many-lists/bad-stack/layout.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.2.1.</strong> 数据布局</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../too-many-lists/bad-stack/basic-operations.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.2.2.</strong> 基本操作</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../too-many-lists/bad-stack/final-code.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.2.3.</strong> 最后实现</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../too-many-lists/ok-stack/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.3.</strong> 还可以的单向链表</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../too-many-lists/ok-stack/type-optimizing.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.3.1.</strong> 优化类型定义</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../too-many-lists/ok-stack/peek.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.3.2.</strong> 定义 Peek 函数</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../too-many-lists/ok-stack/iter.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.3.3.</strong> IntoIter 和 Iter</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../too-many-lists/ok-stack/itermut.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.3.4.</strong> IterMut 以及完整代码</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../too-many-lists/persistent-stack/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.4.</strong> 持久化单向链表</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../too-many-lists/persistent-stack/layout.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.4.1.</strong> 数据布局和基本操作</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../too-many-lists/persistent-stack/drop-arc.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.4.2.</strong> Drop、Arc 及完整代码</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../too-many-lists/deque/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.5.</strong> 不咋样的双端队列</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../too-many-lists/deque/layout.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.5.1.</strong> 数据布局和基本操作</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../too-many-lists/deque/peek.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.5.2.</strong> Peek</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../too-many-lists/deque/symmetric.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.5.3.</strong> 基本操作的对称镜像</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../too-many-lists/deque/iterator.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.5.4.</strong> 迭代器</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../too-many-lists/deque/final-code.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.5.5.</strong> 最终代码</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../too-many-lists/unsafe-queue/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.6.</strong> 不错的 unsafe 队列</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../too-many-lists/unsafe-queue/layout.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.6.1.</strong> 数据布局</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../too-many-lists/unsafe-queue/basics.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.6.2.</strong> 基本操作</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../too-many-lists/unsafe-queue/miri.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.6.3.</strong> Miri</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../too-many-lists/unsafe-queue/stacked-borrow.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.6.4.</strong> 栈借用</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../too-many-lists/unsafe-queue/testing-stacked-borrow.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.6.5.</strong> 测试栈借用</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../too-many-lists/unsafe-queue/layout2.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.6.6.</strong> 数据布局 2</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../too-many-lists/unsafe-queue/extra-junk.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.6.7.</strong> 额外的操作</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../too-many-lists/unsafe-queue/final-code.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.6.8.</strong> 最终代码</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../too-many-lists/production-unsafe-deque/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.7.</strong> 生产级的双向 unsafe 队列</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../too-many-lists/production-unsafe-deque/layout.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.7.1.</strong> 数据布局</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../too-many-lists/production-unsafe-deque/variance-and-phantomData.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.7.2.</strong> 型变与子类型</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../too-many-lists/production-unsafe-deque/basics.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.7.3.</strong> 基础结构</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../too-many-lists/production-unsafe-deque/drop-and-panic-safety.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.7.4.</strong> 恐慌与安全</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../too-many-lists/production-unsafe-deque/boring-combinatorics.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.7.5.</strong> 无聊的组合</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../too-many-lists/production-unsafe-deque/filling-in-random-bits.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.7.6.</strong> 其它特征</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../too-many-lists/production-unsafe-deque/testing.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.7.7.</strong> 测试</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../too-many-lists/production-unsafe-deque/send-sync-and-compile-tests.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.7.8.</strong> Send,Sync和编译测试</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../too-many-lists/production-unsafe-deque/implementing-cursors.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.7.9.</strong> 实现游标</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../too-many-lists/production-unsafe-deque/testing-cursors.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.7.10.</strong> 测试游标</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../too-many-lists/production-unsafe-deque/final-code.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.7.11.</strong> 最终代码</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../too-many-lists/advanced-lists/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.8.</strong> 使用高级技巧实现链表</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../too-many-lists/advanced-lists/double-singly.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.8.1.</strong> 双单向链表</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../too-many-lists/advanced-lists/stack-allocated.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.8.2.</strong> 栈上的链表</a></li></ol></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><li class="part-title">攻克编译错误</li><li class="spacer"></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../compiler/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.</strong> 征服编译错误</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../compiler/fight-with-compiler/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.1.</strong> 对抗编译检查</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../compiler/fight-with-compiler/lifetime/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.1.1.</strong> 生命周期</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../compiler/fight-with-compiler/lifetime/too-long1.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.1.1.1.</strong> 生命周期过大-01</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../compiler/fight-with-compiler/lifetime/too-long2.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.1.1.2.</strong> 生命周期过大-02</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../compiler/fight-with-compiler/lifetime/loop.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.1.1.3.</strong> 循环中的生命周期</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../compiler/fight-with-compiler/lifetime/closure-with-static.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.1.1.4.</strong> 闭包碰到特征对象-01</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../compiler/fight-with-compiler/borrowing/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.1.2.</strong> 重复借用</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../compiler/fight-with-compiler/borrowing/ref-exist-in-out-fn.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.1.2.1.</strong> 同时在函数内外使用引用</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../compiler/fight-with-compiler/borrowing/borrow-distinct-fields-of-struct.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.1.2.2.</strong> 智能指针引起的重复借用错误</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../compiler/fight-with-compiler/unconstrained.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.1.3.</strong> 类型未限制(todo)</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../compiler/fight-with-compiler/phantom-data.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.1.4.</strong> 幽灵数据(todo)</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../compiler/pitfalls/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.2.</strong> Rust 常见陷阱</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../compiler/pitfalls/use-vec-in-for.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.2.1.</strong> for 循环中使用外部数组</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../compiler/pitfalls/stack-overflow.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.2.2.</strong> 线程类型导致的栈溢出</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../compiler/pitfalls/arithmetic-overflow.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.2.3.</strong> 算术溢出导致的 panic</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../compiler/pitfalls/closure-with-lifetime.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.2.4.</strong> 闭包中奇怪的生命周期</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../compiler/pitfalls/the-disabled-mutability.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.2.5.</strong> 可变变量不可变？</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../compiler/pitfalls/multiple-mutable-references.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.2.6.</strong> 可变借用失败引发的深入思考</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../compiler/pitfalls/lazy-iterators.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.2.7.</strong> 不太勤快的迭代器</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../compiler/pitfalls/weird-ranges.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.2.8.</strong> 奇怪的序列 x..y</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../compiler/pitfalls/iterator-everywhere.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.2.9.</strong> 无处不在的迭代器</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../compiler/pitfalls/main-with-channel-blocked.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.2.10.</strong> 线程间传递消息导致主线程无法结束</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../compiler/pitfalls/utf8-performance.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.2.11.</strong> 警惕 UTF-8 引发的性能隐患</a></li></ol></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><li class="part-title">性能优化</li><li class="spacer"></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../profiling/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.</strong> Rust 性能优化 todo</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../profiling/memory/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.1.</strong> 深入内存 todo</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../profiling/memory/pointer-ref.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.1.1.</strong> 指针和引用 todo</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../profiling/memory/uninit.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.1.2.</strong> 未初始化内存 todo</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../profiling/memory/allocation.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.1.3.</strong> 内存分配 todo</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../profiling/memory/layout.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.1.4.</strong> 内存布局 todo</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../profiling/memory/virtual.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.1.5.</strong> 虚拟内存 todo</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../profiling/performance/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.2.</strong> 性能调优 doing</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../profiling/performance/string.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.2.1.</strong> 字符串操作性能</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../profiling/performance/deep-into-move.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.2.2.</strong> 深入理解 move</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../profiling/performance/early-optimise.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.2.3.</strong> 糟糕的提前优化 todo</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../profiling/performance/clone-copy.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.2.4.</strong> Clone 和 Copy todo</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../profiling/performance/runtime-check.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.2.5.</strong> 减少 Runtime check(todo)</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../profiling/performance/cpu-cache.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.2.6.</strong> CPU 缓存性能优化 todo</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../profiling/performance/calculate.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.2.7.</strong> 计算性能优化 todo</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../profiling/performance/heap-stack.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.2.8.</strong> 堆和栈 todo</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../profiling/performance/allocator.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.2.9.</strong> 内存 allocator todo</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../profiling/performance/tools.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.2.10.</strong> 常用性能测试工具 todo</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../profiling/performance/enum.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.2.11.</strong> Enum 内存优化 todo</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../profiling/compiler/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.3.</strong> 编译优化 todo</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../profiling/compiler/llvm.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.3.1.</strong> LLVM todo</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../profiling/compiler/attributes.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.3.2.</strong> 常见属性标记 todo</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../profiling/compiler/speed-up.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.3.3.</strong> 提升编译速度 todo</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../profiling/compiler/optimization/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.3.4.</strong> 编译器优化 todo</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../profiling/compiler/optimization/option.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.3.4.1.</strong> Option 枚举 todo</a></li></ol></li></ol></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><li class="part-title">附录</li><li class="spacer"></li><li class="chapter-item "><div><strong aria-hidden="true">16.</strong> Appendix</div><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../appendix/keywords.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.1.</strong> 关键字</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../appendix/operators.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.2.</strong> 运算符与符号</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../appendix/expressions.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.3.</strong> 表达式</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../appendix/derive.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.4.</strong> 派生特征 trait</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../appendix/prelude.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.5.</strong> prelude 模块 todo</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../appendix/rust-version.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.6.</strong> Rust 版本说明</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../appendix/rust-versions/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.7.</strong> Rust 历次版本更新解读</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../appendix/rust-versions/1.58.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.7.1.</strong> 1.58</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../appendix/rust-versions/1.59.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.7.2.</strong> 1.59</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../appendix/rust-versions/1.60.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.7.3.</strong> 1.60</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../appendix/rust-versions/1.61.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.7.4.</strong> 1.61</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../appendix/rust-versions/1.62.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.7.5.</strong> 1.62</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../appendix/rust-versions/1.63.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.7.6.</strong> 1.63</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../appendix/rust-versions/1.64.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.7.7.</strong> 1.64</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../appendix/rust-versions/1.65.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.7.8.</strong> 1.65</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../appendix/rust-versions/1.66.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.7.9.</strong> 1.66</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../appendix/rust-versions/1.67.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.7.10.</strong> 1.67</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../appendix/rust-versions/1.68.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.7.11.</strong> 1.68</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../appendix/rust-versions/1.69.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.7.12.</strong> 1.69</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../appendix/rust-versions/1.70.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.7.13.</strong> 1.70</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../appendix/rust-versions/1.71.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.7.14.</strong> 1.71</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../appendix/rust-versions/1.72.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.7.15.</strong> 1.72</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../appendix/rust-versions/1.73.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.7.16.</strong> 1.73</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../appendix/rust-versions/1.74.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.7.17.</strong> 1.74</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../appendix/rust-versions/1.75.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.7.18.</strong> 1.75</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../appendix/rust-versions/1.76.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.7.19.</strong> 1.76</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../appendix/rust-versions/1.77.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.7.20.</strong> 1.77</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../appendix/rust-versions/1.78.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.7.21.</strong> 1.78</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../appendix/rust-versions/1.79.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.7.22.</strong> 1.79</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../appendix/rust-versions/1.80.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.7.23.</strong> 1.80</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../appendix/rust-versions/1.81.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.7.24.</strong> 1.81</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../appendix/rust-versions/1.82.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.7.25.</strong> 1.82</a></li></ol></li></ol></li></ol>
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<main>
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<h1 id="cell-和-refcell"><a class="header" href="#cell-和-refcell">Cell 和 RefCell</a></h1>
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<p>Rust 的编译器之严格，可以说是举世无双。特别是在所有权方面，Rust 通过严格的规则来保证所有权和借用的正确性，最终为程序的安全保驾护航。</p>
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<p>但是严格是一把双刃剑，带来安全提升的同时，损失了灵活性，有时甚至会让用户痛苦不堪、怨声载道。因此 Rust 提供了 <code>Cell</code> 和 <code>RefCell</code> 用于内部可变性，简而言之，可以在拥有不可变引用的同时修改目标数据，对于正常的代码实现来说，这个是不可能做到的（要么一个可变借用，要么多个不可变借用）。</p>
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<blockquote>
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<p>内部可变性的实现是因为 Rust 使用了 <code>unsafe</code> 来做到这一点，但是对于使用者来说，这些都是透明的，因为这些不安全代码都被封装到了安全的 API 中</p>
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</blockquote>
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<h2 id="cell"><a class="header" href="#cell">Cell</a></h2>
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<p><code>Cell</code> 和 <code>RefCell</code> 在功能上没有区别，区别在于 <code>Cell<T></code> 适用于 <code>T</code> 实现 <code>Copy</code> 的情况：</p>
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<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust edition2021">use std::cell::Cell;
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fn main() {
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let c = Cell::new("asdf");
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let one = c.get();
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c.set("qwer");
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let two = c.get();
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println!("{},{}", one, two);
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}</code></pre></pre>
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<p>以上代码展示了 <code>Cell</code> 的基本用法，有几点值得注意：</p>
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<ul>
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<li>"asdf" 是 <code>&str</code> 类型，它实现了 <code>Copy</code> 特征</li>
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<li><code>c.get</code> 用来取值，<code>c.set</code> 用来设置新值</li>
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</ul>
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<p>取到值保存在 <code>one</code> 变量后，还能同时进行修改，这个违背了 Rust 的借用规则，但是由于 <code>Cell</code> 的存在，我们很优雅地做到了这一点，但是如果你尝试在 <code>Cell</code> 中存放<code>String</code>：</p>
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<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust edition2021"><span class="boring">#![allow(unused)]
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</span><span class="boring">fn main() {
|
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</span> let c = Cell::new(String::from("asdf"));
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<span class="boring">}</span></code></pre></pre>
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<p>编译器会立刻报错，因为 <code>String</code> 没有实现 <code>Copy</code> 特征：</p>
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<pre><code class="language-console">| pub struct String {
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| ----------------- doesn't satisfy `String: Copy`
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= note: the following trait bounds were not satisfied:
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`String: Copy`
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</code></pre>
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<h2 id="refcell"><a class="header" href="#refcell">RefCell</a></h2>
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<p>由于 <code>Cell</code> 类型针对的是实现了 <code>Copy</code> 特征的值类型，因此在实际开发中，<code>Cell</code> 使用的并不多，因为我们要解决的往往是可变、不可变引用共存导致的问题，此时就需要借助于 <code>RefCell</code> 来达成目的。</p>
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<p>我们可以将所有权、借用规则与这些智能指针做一个对比：</p>
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<div class="table-wrapper"><table><thead><tr><th>Rust 规则</th><th>智能指针带来的额外规则</th></tr></thead><tbody>
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<tr><td>一个数据只有一个所有者</td><td><code>Rc/Arc</code>让一个数据可以拥有多个所有者</td></tr>
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<tr><td>要么多个不可变借用，要么一个可变借用</td><td><code>RefCell</code>实现编译期可变、不可变引用共存</td></tr>
|
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<tr><td>违背规则导致<strong>编译错误</strong></td><td>违背规则导致<strong>运行时<code>panic</code></strong></td></tr>
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</tbody></table>
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</div>
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<p>可以看出，<code>Rc/Arc</code> 和 <code>RefCell</code> 合在一起，解决了 Rust 中严苛的所有权和借用规则带来的某些场景下难使用的问题。但是它们并不是银弹，例如 <code>RefCell</code> 实际上并没有解决可变引用和引用可以共存的问题，只是将报错从编译期推迟到运行时，从编译器错误变成了 <code>panic</code> 异常：</p>
|
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<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust edition2021">use std::cell::RefCell;
|
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|
|
|
fn main() {
|
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|
let s = RefCell::new(String::from("hello, world"));
|
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let s1 = s.borrow();
|
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let s2 = s.borrow_mut();
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println!("{},{}", s1, s2);
|
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}</code></pre></pre>
|
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<p>上面代码在编译期不会报任何错误，你可以顺利运行程序：</p>
|
|
|
<pre><code class="language-console">thread 'main' panicked at 'already borrowed: BorrowMutError', src/main.rs:6:16
|
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note: run with `RUST_BACKTRACE=1` environment variable to display a backtrace
|
|
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</code></pre>
|
|
|
<p>但是依然会因为违背了借用规则导致了运行期 <code>panic</code>，这非常像中国的天网，它也许会被罪犯蒙蔽一时，但是并不会被蒙蔽一世，任何导致安全风险的存在都将不能被容忍，法网恢恢，疏而不漏。</p>
|
|
|
<h4 id="refcell-为何存在"><a class="header" href="#refcell-为何存在">RefCell 为何存在</a></h4>
|
|
|
<p>相信肯定有读者有疑问了，这么做有任何意义吗？还不如在编译期报错，至少能提前发现问题，而且性能还更好。</p>
|
|
|
<p>存在即合理，究其根因，在于 Rust 编译期的<strong>宁可错杀，绝不放过</strong>的原则，当编译器不能确定你的代码是否正确时，就统统会判定为错误，因此难免会导致一些误报。</p>
|
|
|
<p>而 <code>RefCell</code> 正是<strong>用于你确信代码是正确的，而编译器却发生了误判时</strong>。</p>
|
|
|
<p>对于大型的复杂程序，也可以选择使用 <code>RefCell</code> 来让事情简化。例如在 Rust 编译器的<a href="https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/620d1ee5346bee10ba7ce129b2e20d6e59f0377d/src/librustc/middle/ty.rs#L803-L987"><code>ctxt结构体</code></a>中有大量的 <code>RefCell</code> 类型的 <code>map</code> 字段，主要的原因是：这些 <code>map</code> 会被分散在各个地方的代码片段所广泛使用或修改。由于这种分散在各处的使用方式，导致了管理可变和不可变成为一件非常复杂的任务（甚至不可能），你很容易就碰到编译器抛出来的各种错误。而且 <code>RefCell</code> 的运行时错误在这种情况下也变得非常可爱：一旦有人做了不正确的使用，代码会 <code>panic</code>，然后告诉我们哪些借用冲突了。</p>
|
|
|
<p>总之，当你确信编译器误报但不知道该如何解决时，或者你有一个引用类型，需要被四处使用和修改然后导致借用关系难以管理时，都可以优先考虑使用 <code>RefCell</code>。</p>
|
|
|
<h4 id="refcell-简单总结"><a class="header" href="#refcell-简单总结">RefCell 简单总结</a></h4>
|
|
|
<ul>
|
|
|
<li>与 <code>Cell</code> 用于可 <code>Copy</code> 的值不同，<code>RefCell</code> 用于引用</li>
|
|
|
<li><code>RefCell</code> 只是将借用规则从编译期推迟到程序运行期，并不能帮你绕过这个规则</li>
|
|
|
<li><code>RefCell</code> 适用于编译期误报或者一个引用被在多处代码使用、修改以至于难于管理借用关系时</li>
|
|
|
<li>使用 <code>RefCell</code> 时，违背借用规则会导致运行期的 <code>panic</code></li>
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
<h2 id="选择-cell-还是-refcell"><a class="header" href="#选择-cell-还是-refcell">选择 <code>Cell</code> 还是 <code>RefCell</code></a></h2>
|
|
|
<p>根据本文的内容，我们可以大概总结下两者的区别：</p>
|
|
|
<ul>
|
|
|
<li><code>Cell</code> 只适用于 <code>Copy</code> 类型，用于提供值，而 <code>RefCell</code> 用于提供引用</li>
|
|
|
<li><code>Cell</code> 不会 <code>panic</code>，而 <code>RefCell</code> 会</li>
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
<h4 id="性能比较"><a class="header" href="#性能比较">性能比较</a></h4>
|
|
|
<p><code>Cell</code> 没有额外的性能损耗，例如以下两段代码的性能其实是一致的：</p>
|
|
|
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust edition2021"><span class="boring">#![allow(unused)]
|
|
|
</span><span class="boring">fn main() {
|
|
|
</span>// code snipet 1
|
|
|
let x = Cell::new(1);
|
|
|
let y = &x;
|
|
|
let z = &x;
|
|
|
x.set(2);
|
|
|
y.set(3);
|
|
|
z.set(4);
|
|
|
println!("{}", x.get());
|
|
|
|
|
|
// code snipet 2
|
|
|
let mut x = 1;
|
|
|
let y = &mut x;
|
|
|
let z = &mut x;
|
|
|
x = 2;
|
|
|
*y = 3;
|
|
|
*z = 4;
|
|
|
println!("{}", x);
|
|
|
<span class="boring">}</span></code></pre></pre>
|
|
|
<p>虽然性能一致，但代码 <code>1</code> 拥有代码 <code>2</code> 不具有的优势：它能编译成功:)</p>
|
|
|
<p>与 <code>Cell</code> 的 <code>zero cost</code> 不同，<code>RefCell</code> 其实是有一点运行期开销的，原因是它包含了一个字节大小的“借用状态”指示器，该指示器在每次运行时借用时都会被修改，进而产生一点开销。</p>
|
|
|
<p>总之，当非要使用内部可变性时，首选 <code>Cell</code>，只有你的类型没有实现 <code>Copy</code> 时，才去选择 <code>RefCell</code>。</p>
|
|
|
<h2 id="内部可变性"><a class="header" href="#内部可变性">内部可变性</a></h2>
|
|
|
<p>之前我们提到 <code>RefCell</code> 具有内部可变性，何为内部可变性？简单来说，对一个不可变的值进行可变借用，但这个并不符合 Rust 的基本借用规则：</p>
|
|
|
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust edition2021">fn main() {
|
|
|
let x = 5;
|
|
|
let y = &mut x;
|
|
|
}</code></pre></pre>
|
|
|
<p>上面的代码会报错，因为我们不能对一个不可变的值进行可变借用，这会破坏 Rust 的安全性保证，相反，你可以对一个可变值进行不可变借用。原因是：当值不可变时，可能会有多个不可变的引用指向它，此时若将其中一个修改为可变的，会造成可变引用与不可变引用共存的情况；而当值可变时，最多只会有一个可变引用指向它，将其修改为不可变，那么最终依然是只有一个不可变的引用指向它。</p>
|
|
|
<p>虽然基本借用规则是 Rust 的基石，然而在某些场景中，一个值可以在其方法内部被修改，同时对于其它代码不可变，是很有用的：</p>
|
|
|
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust edition2021"><span class="boring">#![allow(unused)]
|
|
|
</span><span class="boring">fn main() {
|
|
|
</span>// 定义在外部库中的特征
|
|
|
pub trait Messenger {
|
|
|
fn send(&self, msg: String);
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
// --------------------------
|
|
|
// 我们的代码中的数据结构和实现
|
|
|
struct MsgQueue {
|
|
|
msg_cache: Vec<String>,
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
impl Messenger for MsgQueue {
|
|
|
fn send(&self, msg: String) {
|
|
|
self.msg_cache.push(msg)
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
<span class="boring">}</span></code></pre></pre>
|
|
|
<p>如上所示，外部库中定义了一个消息发送器特征 <code>Messenger</code>，它只有一个发送消息的功能：<code>fn send(&self, msg: String)</code>，因为发送消息不需要修改自身，因此原作者在定义时，使用了 <code>&self</code> 的不可变借用，这个无可厚非。</p>
|
|
|
<p>我们要在自己的代码中使用该特征实现一个异步消息队列，出于性能的考虑，消息先写到本地缓存(内存)中，然后批量发送出去，因此在 <code>send</code> 方法中，需要将消息先行插入到本地缓存 <code>msg_cache</code> 中。但是问题来了，该 <code>send</code> 方法的签名是 <code>&self</code>，因此上述代码会报错：</p>
|
|
|
<pre><code class="language-console">error[E0596]: cannot borrow `self.msg_cache` as mutable, as it is behind a `&` reference
|
|
|
--> src/main.rs:11:9
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2 | fn send(&self, msg: String);
|
|
|
| ----- help: consider changing that to be a mutable reference: `&mut self`
|
|
|
...
|
|
|
11 | self.msg_cache.push(msg)
|
|
|
| ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ `self` is a `&` reference, so the data it refers to cannot be borrowed as mutable
|
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
|
<p>在报错的同时，编译器大聪明还善意地给出了提示：将 <code>&self</code> 修改为 <code>&mut self</code>，但是。。。我们实现的特征是定义在外部库中，因此该签名根本不能修改。值此危急关头， <code>RefCell</code> 闪亮登场：</p>
|
|
|
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust edition2021">use std::cell::RefCell;
|
|
|
pub trait Messenger {
|
|
|
fn send(&self, msg: String);
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
pub struct MsgQueue {
|
|
|
msg_cache: RefCell<Vec<String>>,
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
impl Messenger for MsgQueue {
|
|
|
fn send(&self, msg: String) {
|
|
|
self.msg_cache.borrow_mut().push(msg)
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
fn main() {
|
|
|
let mq = MsgQueue {
|
|
|
msg_cache: RefCell::new(Vec::new()),
|
|
|
};
|
|
|
mq.send("hello, world".to_string());
|
|
|
}</code></pre></pre>
|
|
|
<p>这个 MQ 功能很弱，但是并不妨碍我们演示内部可变性的核心用法：通过包裹一层 <code>RefCell</code>，成功的让 <code>&self</code> 中的 <code>msg_cache</code> 成为一个可变值，然后实现对其的修改。</p>
|
|
|
<h2 id="rc--refcell-组合使用"><a class="header" href="#rc--refcell-组合使用">Rc + RefCell 组合使用</a></h2>
|
|
|
<p>在 Rust 中，一个常见的组合就是 <code>Rc</code> 和 <code>RefCell</code> 在一起使用，前者可以实现一个数据拥有多个所有者，后者可以实现数据的可变性：</p>
|
|
|
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust edition2021">use std::cell::RefCell;
|
|
|
use std::rc::Rc;
|
|
|
fn main() {
|
|
|
let s = Rc::new(RefCell::new("我很善变，还拥有多个主人".to_string()));
|
|
|
|
|
|
let s1 = s.clone();
|
|
|
let s2 = s.clone();
|
|
|
// let mut s2 = s.borrow_mut();
|
|
|
s2.borrow_mut().push_str(", oh yeah!");
|
|
|
|
|
|
println!("{:?}\n{:?}\n{:?}", s, s1, s2);
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
</code></pre></pre>
|
|
|
<p>上面代码中，我们使用 <code>RefCell<String></code> 包裹一个字符串，同时通过 <code>Rc</code> 创建了它的三个所有者：<code>s</code>、<code>s1</code>和<code>s2</code>，并且通过其中一个所有者 <code>s2</code> 对字符串内容进行了修改。</p>
|
|
|
<p>由于 <code>Rc</code> 的所有者们共享同一个底层的数据，因此当一个所有者修改了数据时，会导致全部所有者持有的数据都发生了变化。</p>
|
|
|
<p>程序的运行结果也在预料之中：</p>
|
|
|
<pre><code class="language-console">RefCell { value: "我很善变，还拥有多个主人, oh yeah!" }
|
|
|
RefCell { value: "我很善变，还拥有多个主人, oh yeah!" }
|
|
|
RefCell { value: "我很善变，还拥有多个主人, oh yeah!" }
|
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
|
<h4 id="性能损耗"><a class="header" href="#性能损耗">性能损耗</a></h4>
|
|
|
<p>相信这两者组合在一起使用时，很多人会好奇到底性能如何，下面我们来简单分析下。</p>
|
|
|
<p>首先给出一个大概的结论，这两者结合在一起使用的性能其实非常高，大致相当于没有线程安全版本的 C++ <code>std::shared_ptr</code> 指针，事实上，C++ 这个指针的主要开销也在于原子性这个并发原语上，毕竟线程安全在哪个语言中开销都不小。</p>
|
|
|
<h4 id="内存损耗"><a class="header" href="#内存损耗">内存损耗</a></h4>
|
|
|
<p>两者结合的数据结构与下面类似：</p>
|
|
|
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust edition2021"><span class="boring">#![allow(unused)]
|
|
|
</span><span class="boring">fn main() {
|
|
|
</span>struct Wrapper<T> {
|
|
|
// Rc
|
|
|
strong_count: usize,
|
|
|
weak_count: usize,
|
|
|
|
|
|
// Refcell
|
|
|
borrow_count: isize,
|
|
|
|
|
|
// 包裹的数据
|
|
|
item: T,
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
<span class="boring">}</span></code></pre></pre>
|
|
|
<p>从上面可以看出，从对内存的影响来看，仅仅多分配了三个<code>usize/isize</code>，并没有其它额外的负担。</p>
|
|
|
<h4 id="cpu-损耗"><a class="header" href="#cpu-损耗">CPU 损耗</a></h4>
|
|
|
<p>从 CPU 来看，损耗如下：</p>
|
|
|
<ul>
|
|
|
<li>对 <code>Rc<T></code> 解引用是免费的（编译期），但是 <code>*</code> 带来的间接取值并不免费</li>
|
|
|
<li>克隆 <code>Rc<T></code> 需要将当前的引用计数跟 <code>0</code> 和 <code>usize::Max</code> 进行一次比较，然后将计数值加 1</li>
|
|
|
<li>释放（drop） <code>Rc<T></code> 需要将计数值减 1， 然后跟 <code>0</code> 进行一次比较</li>
|
|
|
<li>对 <code>RefCell</code> 进行不可变借用，需要将 <code>isize</code> 类型的借用计数加 1，然后跟 <code>0</code> 进行比较</li>
|
|
|
<li>对 <code>RefCell </code>的不可变借用进行释放，需要将 <code>isize</code> 减 1</li>
|
|
|
<li>对 <code>RefCell</code> 的可变借用大致流程跟上面差不多，但是需要先跟 <code>0</code> 比较，然后再减 1</li>
|
|
|
<li>对 <code>RefCell</code> 的可变借用进行释放，需要将 <code>isize</code> 加 1</li>
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
<p>其实这些细节不必过于关注，只要知道 CPU 消耗也非常低，甚至编译器还会对此进行进一步优化！</p>
|
|
|
<h4 id="cpu-缓存-miss"><a class="header" href="#cpu-缓存-miss">CPU 缓存 Miss</a></h4>
|
|
|
<p>唯一需要担心的可能就是这种组合数据结构对于 CPU 缓存是否亲和，这个我们无法证明，只能提出来存在这个可能性，最终的性能影响还需要在实际场景中进行测试。</p>
|
|
|
<p>总之，分析这两者组合的性能还挺复杂的，大概总结下：</p>
|
|
|
<ul>
|
|
|
<li>从表面来看，它们带来的内存和 CPU 损耗都不大</li>
|
|
|
<li>但是由于 <code>Rc</code> 额外的引入了一次间接取值（<code>*</code>），在少数场景下可能会造成性能上的显著损失</li>
|
|
|
<li>CPU 缓存可能也不够亲和</li>
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
<h2 id="通过-cellfrom_mut-解决借用冲突"><a class="header" href="#通过-cellfrom_mut-解决借用冲突">通过 <code>Cell::from_mut</code> 解决借用冲突</a></h2>
|
|
|
<p>在 Rust 1.37 版本中新增了两个非常实用的方法：</p>
|
|
|
<ul>
|
|
|
<li>Cell::from_mut，该方法将 <code>&mut T</code> 转为 <code>&Cell<T></code></li>
|
|
|
<li>Cell::as_slice_of_cells，该方法将 <code>&Cell<[T]></code> 转为 <code>&[Cell<T>]</code></li>
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
<p>这里我们不做深入的介绍，但是来看看如何使用这两个方法来解决一个常见的借用冲突问题：</p>
|
|
|
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust edition2021"><span class="boring">#![allow(unused)]
|
|
|
</span><span class="boring">fn main() {
|
|
|
</span>fn is_even(i: i32) -> bool {
|
|
|
i % 2 == 0
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
fn retain_even(nums: &mut Vec<i32>) {
|
|
|
let mut i = 0;
|
|
|
for num in nums.iter().filter(|&num| is_even(*num)) {
|
|
|
nums[i] = *num;
|
|
|
i += 1;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
nums.truncate(i);
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
<span class="boring">}</span></code></pre></pre>
|
|
|
<p>以上代码会报错：</p>
|
|
|
<pre><code class="language-console">error[E0502]: cannot borrow `*nums` as mutable because it is also borrowed as immutable
|
|
|
--> src/main.rs:8:9
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
7 | for num in nums.iter().filter(|&num| is_even(*num)) {
|
|
|
| ----------------------------------------
|
|
|
| |
|
|
|
| immutable borrow occurs here
|
|
|
| immutable borrow later used here
|
|
|
8 | nums[i] = *num;
|
|
|
| ^^^^ mutable borrow occurs here
|
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
|
<p>很明显，报错是因为同时借用了不可变与可变引用，你可以通过索引的方式来避免这个问题：</p>
|
|
|
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust edition2021"><span class="boring">#![allow(unused)]
|
|
|
</span><span class="boring">fn main() {
|
|
|
</span>fn retain_even(nums: &mut Vec<i32>) {
|
|
|
let mut i = 0;
|
|
|
for j in 0..nums.len() {
|
|
|
if is_even(nums[j]) {
|
|
|
nums[i] = nums[j];
|
|
|
i += 1;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
nums.truncate(i);
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
<span class="boring">}</span></code></pre></pre>
|
|
|
<p>但是这样就违背我们的初衷了，毕竟迭代器会让代码更加简洁，那么还有其它的办法吗？</p>
|
|
|
<p>这时就可以使用 <code>Cell</code> 新增的这两个方法：</p>
|
|
|
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust edition2021"><span class="boring">#![allow(unused)]
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</span><span class="boring">fn main() {
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</span>use std::cell::Cell;
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fn retain_even(nums: &mut Vec<i32>) {
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let slice: &[Cell<i32>] = Cell::from_mut(&mut nums[..])
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.as_slice_of_cells();
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|
|
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let mut i = 0;
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for num in slice.iter().filter(|num| is_even(num.get())) {
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slice[i].set(num.get());
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i += 1;
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|
}
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nums.truncate(i);
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|
}
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<span class="boring">}</span></code></pre></pre>
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<p>此时代码将不会报错，因为 <code>Cell</code> 上的 <code>set</code> 方法获取的是不可变引用 <code>pub fn set(&self, val: T)</code>。</p>
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<p>当然，以上代码的本质还是对 <code>Cell</code> 的运用，只不过这两个方法可以很方便的帮我们把 <code>&mut [T]</code> 类型转换成 <code>&[Cell<T>]</code> 类型。</p>
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<h2 id="总结"><a class="header" href="#总结">总结</a></h2>
|
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<p><code>Cell</code> 和 <code>RefCell</code> 都为我们带来了内部可变性这个重要特性，同时还将借用规则的检查从编译期推迟到运行期，但是这个检查并不能被绕过，该来早晚还是会来，<code>RefCell</code> 在运行期的报错会造成 <code>panic</code>。</p>
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<p><code>RefCell</code> 适用于编译器误报或者一个引用被在多个代码中使用、修改以至于难于管理借用关系时，还有就是需要内部可变性时。</p>
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<p>从性能上看，<code>RefCell</code> 由于是非线程安全的，因此无需保证原子性，性能虽然有一点损耗，但是依然非常好，而 <code>Cell</code> 则完全不存在任何额外的性能损耗。</p>
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<p><code>Rc</code> 跟 <code>RefCell</code> 结合使用可以实现多个所有者共享同一份数据，非常好用，但是潜在的性能损耗也要考虑进去，建议对于热点代码使用时，做好 <code>benchmark</code>。</p>
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