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# 蠢笨编译器之循环生命周期
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当涉及生命周期时,Rust编译器有时会变得不太聪明,如果再配合循环,蠢笨都不足以形容它,不信?那继续跟着我一起看看。
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## 循环中的生命周期错误
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Talk is cheap, 一起来看个例子:
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```rust
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use rand::{thread_rng, Rng};
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#[derive(Debug, PartialEq)]
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enum Tile {
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Empty,
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}
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fn random_empty_tile(arr: &mut [Tile]) -> &mut Tile {
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loop {
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let i = thread_rng().gen_range(0..arr.len());
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let tile = &mut arr[i];
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if Tile::Empty == *tile{
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return tile;
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}
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}
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}
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```
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我们来看看上面的代码中,`loop`循环有几个引用:
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- `arr.len()`, 一个不可变引用,生命周期随着函数调用的结束而结束
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- `tile`是可变引用,生命周期在下次循环开始前会结束
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根据以上的分析,可以得出个初步结论:在同一次循环间各个引用生命周期互不影响,在两次循环间,引用也互不影响。
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那就简单了,开心运行,开心。。。报错:
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```console
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error[E0502]: cannot borrow `*arr` as immutable because it is also borrowed as mutable
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--> src/main.rs:10:43
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8 | fn random_empty_tile(arr: &mut [Tile]) -> &mut Tile {
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| - let's call the lifetime of this reference `'1`
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9 | loop {
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10 | let i = thread_rng().gen_range(0..arr.len());
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| ^^^ immutable borrow occurs here
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11 | let tile = &mut arr[i];
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| ----------- mutable borrow occurs here
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12 | if Tile::Empty == *tile{
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13 | return tile;
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| ---- returning this value requires that `arr[_]` is borrowed for `'1`
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error[E0499]: cannot borrow `arr[_]` as mutable more than once at a time
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--> src/main.rs:11:20
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8 | fn random_empty_tile(arr: &mut [Tile]) -> &mut Tile {
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| - let's call the lifetime of this reference `'1`
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...
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11 | let tile = &mut arr[i];
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| ^^^^^^^^^^^ `arr[_]` was mutably borrowed here in the previous iteration of the loop
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12 | if Tile::Empty == *tile{
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13 | return tile;
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| ---- returning this value requires that `arr[_]` is borrowed for `'1`
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```
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不仅是错误,还是史诗级别的错误!无情刷屏了!只能想办法梳理下:
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1. `arr.len()`报错,原因是它借用了不可变引用,但是在紧跟着的`&mut arr[i]`中又借用了可变引用
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2. `&mut arr[i]`报错,因为在上一次循环中,已经借用过同样的可变引用`&mut arr[i]`
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3. `tile`的生命周期跟`arr`不一致
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奇了怪了,跟我们之前的分析完全背道而驰,按理来说`arr.len()`的借用应该在调用后立刻结束,而不是持续到后面的代码行;同时可变借用`&mut arr[i]`也应该随着每次循环的结束而结束,为什么会前后两次循环会因为同一处的引用而报错?
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## 尝试去掉中间变量
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虽然报错复杂,不过可以看出,所有的错误都跟`tile`这个中间变量有关,我们试着移除它看看:
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```rust
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use rand::{thread_rng, Rng};
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#[derive(Debug, PartialEq)]
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enum Tile {
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Empty,
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}
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fn random_empty_tile(arr: &mut [Tile]) -> &mut Tile {
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loop {
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let i = thread_rng().gen_range(0..arr.len());
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if Tile::Empty == arr[i] {
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return &mut arr[i];
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}
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}
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}
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```
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见证奇迹的时刻,竟然编译通过了!到底发什么了什么?仅仅移除了中间变量,就编译通过了?是否可以大胆的猜测,因为中间变量,导致编译器变蠢了,因此无法正确的识别引用的生命周期。
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## 循环展开
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如果不使用循环呢?会不会也有这样的错误?咱们试着把循环展开:
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```rust
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use rand::{thread_rng, Rng};
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#[derive(Debug, PartialEq)]
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enum Tile {
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Empty,
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}
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fn random_empty_tile_2<'arr>(arr: &'arr mut [Tile]) -> &'arr mut Tile {
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let len = arr.len();
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// First loop iteration
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{
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let i = thread_rng().gen_range(0..len);
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let tile = &mut arr[i]; // Lifetime: 'arr
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if Tile::Empty == *tile {
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return tile;
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}
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}
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// Second loop iteration
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{
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let i = thread_rng().gen_range(0..len);
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let tile = &mut arr[i]; // Lifetime: 'arr
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if Tile::Empty == *tile {
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return tile;
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}
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}
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unreachable!()
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}
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```
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结果,编译器还是不给通过,报的错误几乎一样
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## 深层原因
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令人沮丧的是,我找遍了网上,也没有具体的原因,大家都说这是编译器太笨导致的问题,但是关于深层的原因,也没人能说出个
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所有然。
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因此,我无法在本文中给出为什么编译器会这么笨的真实原因,如果以后有结果,会在这里进行更新。
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## 解决办法
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虽然不能给出原因,但是我们可以看看解决办法,在上面,**移除中间变量**是一种办法,还有一种办法就是将部分引用移到循环外面.
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#### 引用外移
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```rust
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fn random_empty_tile(arr: &mut [Tile]) -> &mut Tile {
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let len = arr.len();
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let mut the_chosen_i = 0;
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loop {
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let i = rand::thread_rng().gen_range(0..len);
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let tile = &mut arr[i];
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if Tile::Empty == *tile {
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the_chosen_i = i;
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break;
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}
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}
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&mut arr[the_chosen_i]
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}
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```
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在上面代码中,我们只在循环中保留一个可变引用,剩下的`arr.len`和返回值引用,都移到循环外面,顺利通过编译.
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## 一个更复杂的例子
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再来看一个例子,代码会更复杂,但是原因几乎相同:
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```rust
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use std::collections::HashMap;
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enum Symbol {
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A,
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}
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pub struct SymbolTable {
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scopes: Vec<Scope>,
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current: usize,
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}
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struct Scope {
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parent: Option<usize>,
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symbols: HashMap<String, Symbol>,
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}
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impl SymbolTable {
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pub fn get_mut(&mut self, name: &String) -> &mut Symbol {
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let mut current = Some(self.current);
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while let Some(id) = current {
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let scope = self.scopes.get_mut(id).unwrap();
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if let Some(symbol) = scope.symbols.get_mut(name) {
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return symbol;
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}
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current = scope.parent;
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}
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panic!("Value not found: {}", name);
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}
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}
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```
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运行后报错如下:
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```console
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error[E0499]: cannot borrow `self.scopes` as mutable more than once at a time
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--> src/main.rs:22:25
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18 | pub fn get_mut(&mut self, name: &String) -> &mut Symbol {
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| - let's call the lifetime of this reference `'1`
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...
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22 | let scope = self.scopes.get_mut(id).unwrap();
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| ^^^^^^^^^^^ `self.scopes` was mutably borrowed here in the previous iteration of the loop
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23 | if let Some(symbol) = scope.symbols.get_mut(name) {
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24 | return symbol;
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| ------ returning this value requires that `self.scopes` is borrowed for `'1`
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```
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对于上述代码,只需要将返回值修改下,即可通过编译:
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```rust
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fn get_mut(&mut self, name: &String) -> &mut Symbol {
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let mut current = Some(self.current);
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while let Some(id) = current {
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let scope = self.scopes.get_mut(id).unwrap();
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if scope.symbols.contains_key(name) {
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return self.scopes.get_mut(id).unwrap().symbols.get_mut(name).unwrap();
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}
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current = scope.parent;
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}
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panic!("Value not found: {}", name);
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}
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```
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其中的关键就在于返回的时候,新建一个引用,而不是使用中间状态的引用。
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## 新编译器Polonius
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针对现有编译器存在的各种问题,Rust团队正在研发一个全新的编译器,名曰[`polonius`](https://github.com/rust-lang/polonius),但是目前它仍然处在开发阶段,如果想在自己项目中使用,需要在`rustc/RUSTFLAGS`中增加标志`-Zpolonius`,但是可能会导致编译速度变慢,或者引入一些新的编译错误。
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## 总结
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编译器不是万能的,它也会迷茫,也会犯错。
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因此我们在循环中使用引用类型时要格外小心,特别是涉及可变引用,这种情况下,最好的办法就是避免中间状态,或者在返回时避免使用中间状态。
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