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## 自引用
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本文分为上下两篇,试图彻底解决困扰大家已久的循环引用和自引用问题,因此难度较高,但是非常值得深入阅读,它会让你对Rust的理解上升到一个新的境界。
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## 使用Pin来解决自引用
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Pin在后续章节会深入讲解,目前你只需要知道它可以固定住一个值,防止该值的所有权被转移。通过Pin也可以实现自引用的数据结构:
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```rust
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use std::marker::PhantomPinned;
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use std::pin::Pin;
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use std::ptr::NonNull;
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// 下面是一个自引用数据结构体,因为slice字段是一个指针, 指向了data字段
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// 我们无法使用普通引用来实现,因为违背了Rust的编译规则
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// 因此,这里我们使用了一个原生指针,通过NonNull来确保它不会为null
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struct Unmovable {
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data: String,
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slice: NonNull<String>,
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_pin: PhantomPinned,
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}
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impl Unmovable {
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// To ensure the data doesn't move when the function returns,
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// we place it in the heap where it will stay for the lifetime of the object,
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// and the only way to access it would be through a pointer to it.
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fn new(data: String) -> Pin<Box<Self>> {
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let res = Unmovable {
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data,
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// we only create the pointer once the data is in place
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// otherwise it will have already moved before we even started
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slice: NonNull::dangling(),
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_pin: PhantomPinned,
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};
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let mut boxed = Box::pin(res);
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let slice = NonNull::from(&boxed.data);
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// we know this is safe because modifying a field doesn't move the whole struct
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unsafe {
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let mut_ref: Pin<&mut Self> = Pin::as_mut(&mut boxed);
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Pin::get_unchecked_mut(mut_ref).slice = slice;
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}
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boxed
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}
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}
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fn main() {
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let unmoved = Unmovable::new("hello".to_string());
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// The pointer should point to the correct location,
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// so long as the struct hasn't moved.
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// Meanwhile, we are free to move the pointer around.
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let mut still_unmoved = unmoved;
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assert_eq!(still_unmoved.slice, NonNull::from(&still_unmoved.data));
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// Since our type doesn't implement Unpin, this will fail to compile:
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// let mut new_unmoved = Unmovable::new("world".to_string());
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// std::mem::swap(&mut *still_unmoved, &mut *new_unmoved);
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}
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```
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## 三方库解决引用循环
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一些三方库也可以用来解决引用循环的问题,例如:
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1. https://github.com/Kimundi/owning-ref-rs
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2. https://github.com/joshua-maros/ouroboros
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不过需要注意的是,这些库需要目标值的内存地址不会改变,因此`Vec`动态数组就不适合,因为当内存空间不够时,Rust会重新分配一块空间来存放该数组,这会导致内存地址的改变。
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## 总结
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本文深入讲解了何为引用循环以及如何使用Weak来解决,同时还结合`Rc`、`RefCell`、`Weak`等实现了两个有实战价值的例子,让大家对智能指针的使用更加融会贯通。
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至此,智能指针一章即将结束(严格来说还有一个Mutex放在多线程一章讲解),而Rust语言本身的学习之旅也即将结束,后面我们将深入多线程、项目工程、应用实践、性能分析等特色专题,来一睹Rust在这些领域的风采。 |