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# 蠢笨编译器之循环生命周期
当涉及生命周期时Rust编译器有时会变得不太聪明如果再配合循环蠢笨都不足以形容它不信那继续跟着我一起看看。
## 循环中的生命周期错误
Talk is cheap, 一起来看个例子:
```rust
use rand::{thread_rng, Rng};
#[derive(Debug, PartialEq)]
enum Tile {
Empty,
}
fn random_empty_tile(arr: &mut [Tile]) -> &mut Tile {
loop {
let i = thread_rng().gen_range(0..arr.len());
let tile = &mut arr[i];
if Tile::Empty == *tile{
return tile;
}
}
}
```
我们来看看上面的代码中,`loop`循环有几个引用:
- `arr.len()`, 一个不可变引用,生命周期随着函数调用的结束而结束
- `tile`是可变引用,生命周期在下次循环开始前会结束
根据以上的分析,可以得出个初步结论:在同一次循环间各个引用生命周期互不影响,在两次循环间,引用也互不影响。
那就简单了,开心运行,开心。。。报错:
```console
error[E0502]: cannot borrow `*arr` as immutable because it is also borrowed as mutable
--> src/main.rs:10:43
|
8 | fn random_empty_tile(arr: &mut [Tile]) -> &mut Tile {
| - let's call the lifetime of this reference `'1`
9 | loop {
10 | let i = thread_rng().gen_range(0..arr.len());
| ^^^ immutable borrow occurs here
11 | let tile = &mut arr[i];
| ----------- mutable borrow occurs here
12 | if Tile::Empty == *tile{
13 | return tile;
| ---- returning this value requires that `arr[_]` is borrowed for `'1`
error[E0499]: cannot borrow `arr[_]` as mutable more than once at a time
--> src/main.rs:11:20
|
8 | fn random_empty_tile(arr: &mut [Tile]) -> &mut Tile {
| - let's call the lifetime of this reference `'1`
...
11 | let tile = &mut arr[i];
| ^^^^^^^^^^^ `arr[_]` was mutably borrowed here in the previous iteration of the loop
12 | if Tile::Empty == *tile{
13 | return tile;
| ---- returning this value requires that `arr[_]` is borrowed for `'1`
```
不仅是错误,还是史诗级别的错误!无情刷屏了!只能想办法梳理下:
1. `arr.len()`报错,原因是它借用了不可变引用,但是在紧跟着的`&mut arr[i]`中又借用了可变引用
2. `&mut arr[i]`报错,因为在上一次循环中,已经借用过同样的可变引用`&mut arr[i]`
3. `tile`的生命周期跟`arr`不一致
奇了怪了,跟我们之前的分析完全背道而驰,按理来说`arr.len()`的借用应该在调用后立刻结束,而不是持续到后面的代码行;同时可变借用`&mut arr[i]`也应该随着每次循环的结束而结束,为什么会前后两次循环会因为同一处的引用而报错?
## 尝试去掉中间变量
虽然报错复杂,不过可以看出,所有的错误都跟`tile`这个中间变量有关,我们试着移除它看看:
```rust
use rand::{thread_rng, Rng};
#[derive(Debug, PartialEq)]
enum Tile {
Empty,
}
fn random_empty_tile(arr: &mut [Tile]) -> &mut Tile {
loop {
let i = thread_rng().gen_range(0..arr.len());
if Tile::Empty == arr[i] {
return &mut arr[i];
}
}
}
```
见证奇迹的时刻,竟然编译通过了!到底发什么了什么?仅仅移除了中间变量,就编译通过了?是否可以大胆的猜测,因为中间变量,导致编译器变蠢了,因此无法正确的识别引用的生命周期。
## 循环展开
如果不使用循环呢?会不会也有这样的错误?咱们试着把循环展开:
```rust
use rand::{thread_rng, Rng};
#[derive(Debug, PartialEq)]
enum Tile {
Empty,
}
fn random_empty_tile_2<'arr>(arr: &'arr mut [Tile]) -> &'arr mut Tile {
let len = arr.len();
// First loop iteration
{
let i = thread_rng().gen_range(0..len);
let tile = &mut arr[i]; // Lifetime: 'arr
if Tile::Empty == *tile {
return tile;
}
}
// Second loop iteration
{
let i = thread_rng().gen_range(0..len);
let tile = &mut arr[i]; // Lifetime: 'arr
if Tile::Empty == *tile {
return tile;
}
}
unreachable!()
}
```
结果,编译器还是不给通过,报的错误几乎一样
## 深层原因
令人沮丧的是,我找遍了网上,也没有具体的原因,大家都说这是编译器太笨导致的问题,但是关于深层的原因,也没人能说出个
所有然。
因此,我无法在本文中给出为什么编译器会这么笨的真实原因,如果以后有结果,会在这里进行更新。
## 解决办法
虽然不能给出原因,但是我们可以看看解决办法,在上面,**移除中间变量**是一种办法,还有一种办法就是将部分引用移到循环外面.
#### 引用外移
```rust
fn random_empty_tile(arr: &mut [Tile]) -> &mut Tile {
let len = arr.len();
let mut the_chosen_i = 0;
loop {
let i = rand::thread_rng().gen_range(0..len);
let tile = &mut arr[i];
if Tile::Empty == *tile {
the_chosen_i = i;
break;
}
}
&mut arr[the_chosen_i]
}
```
在上面代码中,我们只在循环中保留一个可变引用,剩下的`arr.len`和返回值引用,都移到循环外面,顺利通过编译.
## 一个更复杂的例子
再来看一个例子,代码会更复杂,但是原因几乎相同:
```rust
use std::collections::HashMap;
enum Symbol {
A,
}
pub struct SymbolTable {
scopes: Vec<Scope>,
current: usize,
}
struct Scope {
parent: Option<usize>,
symbols: HashMap<String, Symbol>,
}
impl SymbolTable {
pub fn get_mut(&mut self, name: &String) -> &mut Symbol {
let mut current = Some(self.current);
while let Some(id) = current {
let scope = self.scopes.get_mut(id).unwrap();
if let Some(symbol) = scope.symbols.get_mut(name) {
return symbol;
}
current = scope.parent;
}
panic!("Value not found: {}", name);
}
}
```
运行后报错如下:
```console
error[E0499]: cannot borrow `self.scopes` as mutable more than once at a time
--> src/main.rs:22:25
|
18 | pub fn get_mut(&mut self, name: &String) -> &mut Symbol {
| - let's call the lifetime of this reference `'1`
...
22 | let scope = self.scopes.get_mut(id).unwrap();
| ^^^^^^^^^^^ `self.scopes` was mutably borrowed here in the previous iteration of the loop
23 | if let Some(symbol) = scope.symbols.get_mut(name) {
24 | return symbol;
| ------ returning this value requires that `self.scopes` is borrowed for `'1`
```
对于上述代码,只需要将返回值修改下,即可通过编译:
```rust
fn get_mut(&mut self, name: &String) -> &mut Symbol {
let mut current = Some(self.current);
while let Some(id) = current {
let scope = self.scopes.get_mut(id).unwrap();
if scope.symbols.contains_key(name) {
return self.scopes.get_mut(id).unwrap().symbols.get_mut(name).unwrap();
}
current = scope.parent;
}
panic!("Value not found: {}", name);
}
```
其中的关键就在于返回的时候,新建一个引用,而不是使用中间状态的引用。
## 新编译器Polonius
针对现有编译器存在的各种问题Rust团队正在研发一个全新的编译器名曰[`polonius`](https://github.com/rust-lang/polonius),但是目前它仍然处在开发阶段,如果想在自己项目中使用,需要在`rustc/RUSTFLAGS`中增加标志`-Zpolonius`,但是可能会导致编译速度变慢,或者引入一些新的编译错误。
## 总结
编译器不是万能的,它也会迷茫,也会犯错。
因此我们在循环中使用引用类型时要格外小心,特别是涉及可变引用,这种情况下,最好的办法就是避免中间状态,或者在返回时避免使用中间状态。